<p>The Old Somersworth High School, also formerly the Hilltop Elementary School, is a historic school building at 17 Grand Street in Somersworth, New Hampshire. It is a three story brick Georgian Revival building, constructed in 1927 on the site of New Hampshire&#39;s oldest high school. It was designed by Charles Greely Loring, and served as a high school until 1956 and an elementary school until 2007. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Somersworth High School building stands in a generally residential area on a ridge overlooking downtown Somersworth, on an irregularly shaped lot bounded by Grove, Grand, Highland, and Prospect Streets. It is a three-story masonry structure, built out of brick with stone trim, and faces southeast toward Grand Street. It is roughly H-shaped, with front and rear wings joined by a wide central connector. Windows are generally set in rectangular openings with stone sills and lintels, and a stone cornice is topped by a low brick parapet, obscuring the flat roof. The front facade is fifteen bays wide, with the main entrance at its center, recessed in a square stone-faced opening.</p><br>
<p>Somersworth built New Hampshire&#39;s first municipal high school, on this site in 1849. That aging structure was replaced by the present Georgian Revival structure in 1927, and was considered a state-of-the-art high school at the time. It was enlarged in 1939, adding space for vocational training and a biology laboratory. It was used as a high school until 1956, when the city built a new high school. It was then adapted for use as an elementary school, a role it served until closing in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Hang Én , occasionally referred to as Én cave in English, is a cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Én is the third largest cave in the world, after Hang Sơn Đoòng in the same national park, and Deer Cave in Malaysia. The cave has its own jungle, waters, beach, and climate. There are three known entrances to Hang Én.</p><br>
<p>The cave, which goes through a mountain for 1,645 metre or 1,645 m, has a maximum height around 100 m, and a maximum width of approximately 170 m is a feeder to Hang Sơn Đoòng, 2 km away. The only ways to reach the cave are by helicopter, or an approximately four-hour jungle trek from the nearest road.</p><br>
<p>Both Én and Sơn Đoòng were featured in footage aired on the television program Good Morning America in May 2015, dubbed one of "the top 10 cultural events of the year" in Vietnam by Viet Nam News. Hang Én was selected by the US-based Warner Bros. as a shooting location for the 2015 film Pan.</p><br>
<p>The Casma/Sechin culture   of Peru refers to the large concentration of pre-historic ruins in the valleys of the Casma River and its tributary the Sechin River and along the nearby coast of the Pacific Ocean. The ruins include major archaeological sites such as Sechin Bajo, Sechin Alto, Cerro Sechin, Mojeque , Chankillo, and Taukachi-Konkan, as well as other smaller sites. Most of these inland sites are found in the river valleys about 20 km distant from the ocean. The seaside sites of Huaynuná and Las Haldas are found about 20 km north and south of the mouth of the Casma River on the coast.</p><br>
<p>A frieze located at Sechin Bajo dated at 3600 BCE is the oldest example of monumental architecture discovered thus far in the Americas. This date, if confirmed by additional discoveries, means that the Casma/Sechin culture may have originated as early or earlier than Norte Chico, now considered the oldest civilization of the Americas.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The Peruvian Pacific coast is one of the driest deserts in the world with average annual precipitation of less than 10 mm. Except in the river valleys the desert is nearly devoid of vegetation. Along the 1,300 km of Peruvian coast, 57 small rivers flow into the sea, watered by the higher precipitation received in the Andes Mountains inland at elevations higher than 2,500 m. Each river valley forms a linear oasis in which irrigated agriculture is possible. The valleys of the Casma River and its tributary, the Sechin River, are one of the linear oases. The area of the Casma/Sechin culture extended about 40 km inland from the sea. The width of the irrigable valleys range from one (.6 miles) to about seven kilometers (4 miles).</p><br>
<p>Located along about 4 km in the Sechin River valley, just upstream from its junction with the Casma, is a complex of archaeological ruins that comprises sites such as Sechin Bajo, Sechin Alto, Cerro Sechin, and Taukachi-Konkan, all of them except Sechin Alto in the desert at the edge of the irrigated river valley. Chankillo and Mojeque are located in the Casma River valley. Other smaller sites are scattered up and down the two river valleys. The Casma valley was populated long before the monumental construction at those sites began. The earliest radio carbon date indicating human habitation is 7600 BCE found at Cerro Sechin.</p><br>
<p>The Casma and Sechin river valleys have, in more recent times, supported a population of 14,000 people and perhaps the population during the height of the Casma/Sechin culture was similar. However, another estimate is that the number of people associated with the culture was 23,000. The amount of irrigable land is the narrow valleys is not large, although some population lived outside the agricultural area in the coastal sites.</p><br>
<p>The waters of the Pacific Ocean off Peru are extremely rich and some of the earliest settlements were on the desert coast and depended upon fishing rather than agriculture or hunting and gathering for subsistence. The earliest settlements also developed in the pre-ceramic era and did not use pottery.</p><br>
<p>The Casma/Sechin culture was located about 130 km north of the northern outposts of the Norte Chico civilization, believed by archaeologists to be the oldest in the Americas. Given the short distances contact and transmission of cultural traits between the two areas was likely.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Coastal Peru is one of six areas of the world in which civilization developed independently without outside influences. By 3000 BC, at a few locations in coastal Peru, including the Casma/Sechin valleys, a sizable population was present and undertaking large projects such as building pyramids and other ceremonial and monumental structures. The earliest Peruvian civilization differed from the other five pristine civilizations in that it lacked ceramics (pottery) in its initial stages. The importance of agriculture to early Peruvian civilization is debated with some archaeologists proposing a "maritime hypothesis" in which the rich maritime resources of the nearby Pacific Ocean enabled sedentary coastal societies to flourish before irrigated agriculture was used.</p><br>
<p>Some artifacts of the Casma/Sechin culture may predate the Norte Chico civilization. Radiocarbon dating indicates a plaza at Sechin Bajo was constructed in 3500 BCE. A nearby 2 meter-tall (2 yards) frieze was dated at 3600 BCE. The plaza and the frieze are the two oldest examples of monumental architecture discovered thus far in the Americas.</p><br>
<p>Lithic Period (12000 - 3000 BCE). The earliest radio carbon dating of human occupation in the Casma/Sechin valley is near the ruin of Cerro Sechin and dates to 7600 BC. Sechin Bajo has the earliest remains discovered of monumental architecture with ruins of the "First Building" dated from 3700 BC to 2900 BC during which time multiple reconstructions of the building were undertaken. The location of Sechin Bajo inland from the sea and from marine resources suggests that agriculture had become a significant contributor to the livelihood of the builders and nearby occupants. The labor requirement for construction also implies a numerous sedentary or semi-sedentary population nearby with a mechanism of control to gather and supervise workers. Pottery was not in use during this period.</p><br>
<p>Preceramic Period (3000 - 1800 BCE) (2500 - 1800 BCE is called the Cotton Preceramic Period or Preceramic Period VI). The Preceramic Period is characterized by the growth of the coastal settlements of Huaynuná, with a settlement dated as old as 2900 BCE, and Las Haldas where a settlement is dated back to 2200 BCE. Both Huaynuná and Las Haldas are located more than 12 km distant from the irrigable lands of the Casma River Valley and thus fishing was their principal means of subsistence.</p><br>
<p>Inland sites also grew during this period with the coastal settlements providing fish and other marine resources to interior settlements and the interior settlements providing agricultural products to the coastal settlements. Particularly important in this trade was cotton which was used by the coastal settlements for fishing nets and lines and gourds used for floats and containers. Floodplain agriculture seems to have been the most common means of raising crops although small-scale canal irrigation was probably also used in the Casma and Sechin valleys during this time.</p><br>
<p>Initial Period (1800 - 900 BCE) (Also called Formative Period). During the Initial Period, the Casma/Sechin culture achieved its most prominence. Technological developments included woven textiles and pottery, the adoption or expansion of canal irrigation for agriculture in the river valleys, and the construction of many large monumental pyramids and plazas. Many of the prominent sites of the Initial Period, such as Sechin Bajo and Cerro Sechin, date back to the Preceramic Period, but they were reconstructed and expanded during this time span.</p><br>
<p>The concentration of monumental constructions in the Sechin Valley during this period is remarkable. Within a distance of about 5 km in the Sechin valley are four large ruins: Sechin Bajo, Taukachi-Konkan, Cerro Sechin, and Sechin Alto. Sechin Alto was dominant, the largest of the flat-topped pyramids characteristic of the Peruvian coast, a mound 300 m by 250 m in length and width and 35 m in height. This was the largest construction in the Americas when it was built from about 1600 to 1400 BCE. The size, concentration, and uniformity of monuments in the Sechin valley has led archaeologists to suggest that Sechin Alto was the administrative center of a polity which united the valleys and possibly coastal sites under one government. The dominance of Sechin Alto is also suggested because of its location. All the other major sites are located in the desert at the edge of the irrigable area; Sechin Alto, in a display of conspicuous consumption, occupies scarce irrigable land.</p><br>
<p>Many industrial and food plants were cultivated by the inhabitants of the Casma and Sechin Valleys, but evidence of maize, the most important crop of the Americas, is absent during the Initial Period and earlier.</p><br>
<p>Early Horizon (900 - 200 BCE) (Also called Formative Period). The culture of the Casma and Sechin river valleys came under the influence, and possibly the political control, of the highland Chavin culture during the Early Horizon. Near the end of the Initial Period, the character of the architecture, artifacts, and food changed in the Casma/Sechin area which implies a "hostile invasion." Maize and domestic animals, llamas, alpacas, and guinea pigs, were introduced during the Early Horizon period and the dependence upon marine resources for protein declined, suggesting that the invaders (if such there were) came from the highlands of Peru rather than other coastal cultures. Military themes were much more prominent in the new style of architecture. The large mounds characterizing Initial Period culture were no longer built.</p><br>
<p>Chankillo is one of the Early Horizon ruins of most interest. Dating from as early as 350 BCE, Chankillo incorporated a fortress, a solar observatory, and ceremonial areas. The observatory, called the Thirteen Towers of Chankillo, permitted an observer to determine a precise date of the year by observing the position of the sun at sunrise and sunset on the towers. Chankillo and other structures of the Casma/Sechin culture were partially destroyed and their use abandoned in an apparent conflict about 100 BCE.</p><br>
<p>The Washington County Jail is located at 83 Court Street in Machias, the county seat of Washington County, Maine. The jail was built in 1858 to a design by Gridley James Fox Bryant, and is one of the county&#39;s architecturally significant Italianate buildings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Washington County Jail is located in the center of Machias, on the north side of Court Street, midway between Center and Cooper Streets. It shares the block with the Washington County Courthouse, to which it is connected by a modern ell at the rear. The jail is a three story brick building with a hip roof and a granite foundation. A gabled entrance pavilion projects slightly from the south-facing front, and there is a cupola at the center of the original building, which has been greatly enlarged by a modern addition to the rear. The main entrance is on the second floor, which is separated from the first by a granite string course. Windows and doors on the upper floors are set in recessed panels, rounded on the third floor and arched on the second. The rounded-arch paneling is continued in a sympathetic way in the modern addition.</p><br>
<p>The jail was built in 1858 to a design by Boston architect Gridley James Fox Bryant, who designed a significant number of public facilities in eastern Maine in the 1850s, including the similar Kennebec County Jail. At that time, his design embodied the latest thinking in jail facilities, with the jailors living quarters in the front portion of the building, and cell blocks to the rear, surrounded by guard galleries. Innovations in the building included state-of-the-art ventilation and communications systems, and self-locking doors. Much of the buildings original interior has been altered, owing to intervening changings in incarceration practice and theory.</p><br>
<p>The Muscatine County Fairgrounds are located in West Liberty, Iowa, United States. It hosts the annual Muscatine County Fair. The Muscatine County Historic Preservation Commission received a grant from the State of Iowa to study the fairgrounds in 2014. Most of it was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places as the West Liberty Fairgrounds Historic District in 2015. Historic tax credits will be used to rehabilitate the historic buildings on the fairgrounds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union District Agricultural Society began holding fairs in southwest Cedar County in 1863, and transferred them to West Liberty in 1871. The West Liberty Park Association was established three years later and bought the first 31 acres for the society in 1875. Additional land, which makes up the historic district, was purchased in 1889 and 1963. The initial wood frame buildings were replaced by some of the present buildings beginning in 1915 with the Exhibition Hall. County fairs in rural areas were a showcase of livestock, agricultural products, home economics, and craftwork. Youth participation began to increase in the 1910s, the result of practical rural education. Structures geared to their activities were built beginning in the 1930s. As demand grew at about the same time for spectator space along the race track, a new grandstand was built in 1928. Because the size of the exhibitions grew in the mid-20th century, new and larger exhibition space was added in the 1960s, which included a new livestock judging pavilion in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The race track initially sponsored horse racing throughout the summer months. The stalls and track were used for rental and training purposes. They were eventually replaced by auto races. In addition to the races and the fair, various other events are held at the fairgrounds. They include family reunions, picnics, holiday celebrations, and other community events.</p><br>
<p>Jason and Elizabeth Baylor Rector House is a historic building located south of Thurman, Iowa, United States. Jason Rector is a native of Indiana who moved with his father, a Methodist minister, in the late 1840s to southwest Iowa. He became a farmer and land owner. Rector returned to Indiana to marry Elizabeth Baylor. They had no children of their own, but took in several homeless children. The two-story brick Greek Revival house follows a T-plan. Both floors have three rooms. The first floor houses a living room, parlor and kitchen, and three bedrooms are located upstairs. A screened in porch and a single-story wing are located adjacent to the kitchen on the first floor. It is capped with a low-pitched gable roof. The summer kitchen on the main floor was converted into a bathroom. The house is located on an 80 acre farm located in the Loess Hills. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Chautauqua Pavilion is a historic structure located in City Park in Riverton, Iowa, United States. William "Coin" Harvey, a political ally of William Jennings Bryan, founded a political fraternal order known as the Patriots of America. Fremont County, Iowa was said to have the largest number of members of any county in the US in the organization. It was selected to have an experimental structure to house encampments of the Patriots. Harvey donated $500 towards its construction in the Riverton city park. Within a few years the organization died out, and the pavilion was used for summer Chautauqua shows, Sunday school and church services, school graduations and May Day observances. The 70 ft diameter structure is 35 ft high in the center and 9 ft high at the eaves. It is capped with a conical-shaped roof and open on the sides. The pavilion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Telfair County, Georgia Courthouse in McRae-Helena was built in 1934 using the walls of the previous courthouse, lost to fire earlier that year. It was designed by architects Dennis & Dennis. The nearby Telfair County Jail was built in 1902. The courthouse and jail were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Telfair county, named for Governor Edward Telfair, was established in 1807. Its first two courthouses, one of log, the other a two-story wooden building, were located in the original county seat at Jacksonville. Jacksonville, with its plantation economy and river landing, was replaced as county seat in 1870 by McRae, located on the Macon and Brunswick Railroad.</p><br>
<p>The third courthouse, the first in McRae, was a frame building built in 1872 or 1873, and was replaced by a brick courthouse in 1888. That courthouse burned around 1900 and was replaced by Telfair&#39;s fifth courthouse, again of brick, in 1904. It burned in 1934 and was replaced by the current, sixth, courthouse later that year using the walls of the 1904 building.</p><br>
<p>The jail was built in 1902 near the eventual location of the 1904 courthouse. It was the first brick jail in the county.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse, in the Colonial Revival-style, is a two-story brick building. The main entrance features three arched entryways and an in antis portico. The side and rear entrances are pedimented with transoms and double doors.</p><br>
<p>The jail is a two-story brick building with hipped roof, four chimneys, center front gable, and an enclosed front porch. There is decorative brick detailing along the cornice.</p><br>
<p>The Macon, Georgia architecture firm of Dennis & Dennis designed the courthouse, as well as the Emanuel County and Peach County courthouses, both listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Telfair County Courthouse and Jail were added to the register in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The James P. White House is a historic house at 1 Church Street in Belfast, Maine. Built in 1840, it is one of the citys most elaborate examples of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and is included in Belfasts Church Street Historic District. In recent years it has served as a bed and breakfast inn but, as of 2015, is a private residence once again.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The White House is located south of Belfasts central business district, at the southern end of Church Street, occupying a triangular lot at the corner of High Street. It is a two story wood frame structure, with a hip roof topped by a widows walk and cupola, and a granite foundation. The front and sides are finished in flushboard siding, with clapboards elsewhere. The building corners have oversides pilasters with Doric capitals, rising to a multi-level entablature that encircles the building. The main facade is three bays wide, the center one projecting and rising to a gabled roof. The main entrance, and a second floor balcony entrance, are both recessed in this projecting, the recessed area articulated by pilasters and fluted columns.</p><br>
<p>The house was designed by Calvin Ryder, a local architect, for James Patterson White, and was completed in 1840. White, a Belfast native, was a successful businessman who served for two years as mayor. Later owners of the house have included James Taliaferro, a Florida Senator who owned it as a summer residence. In the late 20th century the building served as a bed and breakfast inn. By 2015, the White House is a private residence once again.</p><br>
<p>The Peabody-Fitch House, also known as Narramissic Farm, is a historic farm property on Ingalls Road in Bridgton, Maine. It is a well-preserved late 18th to early 19th century farmstead, now owned and operated by the local historical society as a museum property. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Peabody-Fitch property is located in southern Bridgton, on a rise known locally as Fitch Hill on the south side of Ingalls Road, west of Maine State Route 107. The farmstead is set amid former agricultural fields and woods, which contain landscaped evidence of the propertys former use, including stone walls, fences, and former roadways. The farmstead consists of a rambling farmhouse, a barn, and a smaller wood frame structure that once served as a blacksmiths shop. The farmhouse is a two story clapboarded wood frame structure to which a series of additions have been made, most before 1850. The barn is a timber frame structure with a sliding door, and a small shed-roof addition at one end. The blacksmith&#39;s shop is a single story wood frame structure, with a single door and three windows.</p><br>
<p>The main block of the house was probably built in 1797 by William Peabody, one of Bridgton&#39;s first settlers. The house remained in the hands of his descendants, mostly named Fitch, until 1910. It was purchased as a summer retreat in 1937 by Margaret Monroe of Providence, Rhode Island, and was given by her heirs to the Bridgton Historical Society. Through these transitions, it has maintained the basic layout of a typical late-18th or early-19th century farmstead, with a detached barn and other outbuildings. The principal loss is of a much larger barn, whose foundational remains lie nearby.</p><br>
<p>The house and farmstead are open by appointment, or during special events staged by the historical society.</p><br>
<p>The King William Banks are a series of sand banks 14 mi Northeast of Ramsey, Isle of Man.</p><br>
<p>The King William Banks take their name from the stranding, in 1690, of King William III whilst he was en route from the River Dee to Carrickfergus.</p><br>
<p>A story relates that on June 10, 1690, it being a spring tide, King William embarked on his ship in an area of the River Dee near Hoylake referred to as the Kings Gap. Edward Tariton, Master of the James, of Liverpool, piloted the Kings vessel on its voyage to Carrickfergus. At approximately 04:00hrs the following morning (June 11) the vessel grounded on a sandbank off the Point of Ayre, Isle of Man, during a period of low water (the bank being uncharted).</p><br>
<p>The King&#39;s vessel was aground for approximately 1 hour.</p><br>
<p>The King William Banks lie centered approximately 2 mi east of the Ballacash Bank. The banks extend approximately 6 mi east-south-east and have a least depth of 2.8 m.</p><br>
<p>First marked by navigational buoys in 1843, the banks are denoted on maritime chart AC 2094 Kirkcudbright to the Mull of Galloway & Isle of Man; AC 1826 Irish Sea Eastern Part; AC 2696 Ramsey Harbour; SC 5613.21.1 Isle of Man East Coast. Ramsey; Imray C62 Irish Sea; Imray Y70 Isle of Man (Harbour Plan of Ramsey). A lighted buoy, moored 13 mi east of the Point of Ayre, marks the eastern extremity of the banks.</p><br>
<p>Other notable sandbars and banks in the area are the Ballacash Bank, the Bahama Bank, the Strunakill Bank and the Whitestone Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Bennington Fish Hatchery, also known as the Bennington Fish Culture Station, is a state-operated fish hatchery at 110 Hatchery Road in Bennington, Vermont. The station, the states largest, produces a variety of trout, which are used to stock the states water resources. Its facilities, dating to 1916, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station has a visitors center that is open daily.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bennington Fish Culture Station is located southeast of downtown Bennington, on the east side of South Stream Road, which generally parallels South Stream, a north-flowing tributary of the Walloomsac River. The station has infrastructure on both sides of the stream, including a small cluster of buildings and a series of fish ponds and raceways, on more than 118 acre of property.</p><br>
<p>Buildings of the complex include several that date to the hatcherys founding as an experimental station in 1916. These include the original superintendents office and residence, which now serves as its visitors center, and the main hatchery building, a handsome Colonial Revival structure, both of which were completed in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The fishery currently produces stocks of brown trout, brook trout, and rainbow trout, which are distributed to Vermont&#39;s lakes and ponds.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The station was established by the state on an experimental basis in 1916, after an earlier experimental station in Arlington was found inadequate. This one was made permanent after the quality and reliability of its water sources was assured. It grew to become a model fish hatchery by the 1930s, distributing thousands of pounds of fingerlings and fry throughout the state. Its facilities were significantly expanded in the 1940s with funding from the Works Progress Administration.</p><br>
<p>Sarayan is small tributary of Gomti river which flows through Lakhimpur and Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Sarayan originates in Haidarabad paragana near the town of Gola Gokaranath. After a course of about 49 miles from its origin, it enters Sitapur district near the village of Naurangpur. It traverses from North to South in Sitapur flowing in a very irregular winding course. After running a few miles, it is joined by a small stream Jamwari neat the village of Tehar, soom after which it takes a southerly course and reaches Sitapur where it passes through the middle of the city. Finally, it joins Gomati near the village of Hindaura in Sidhauli tehseel.</p><br>
<p>In the upper portion of its course, it the stream flows in a shallow bed, but further South the channel of this stream grows deeper and banks are high and sandy, and are intersected by ravines.</p><br>
<h2>Floods and Nevigation</h2><br>
<p>In wet years, the river is liable to cause excessive and destructive floods in the town of Sitapur and other places which lie along the banks, but ordinarily it serves its purpose as a drainage line. It is navigable by small boats in only its lower reaches, but it is rarely used as a means of communication.</p><br>
<p>Laalpur Bridge on Sarayan.jpgA Bridge on Sarayan near Laalpur village</p><br>
<p>Sarayan near lalpur.jpgA view of Sarayan near Laalpur Ghat</p><br>
<p>Sarayan near Rahimadbad village.jpgAn old bridge on Sarayan near Rahimabaad village</p><br>
<p>Sarayan.jpgA view of Sarayan river</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The Sarayan is fed by several tributaries.</p><br>
<h3>West bank tributaries</h3><br>
<h4>Jamwari</h4><br>
<p>After flowing through the Kheri district, Jamwari forms, for a short distance, the boundary for that district and the pargana of Hargaon of Sitapur district where it joins the Sarayan river near the village of Tahar/Tehar/Tihar.</p><br>
<h4>Pirai</h4><br>
<p>Pirai raises in Kasta in Kheri district and after crossing the north-eastern border of pargana Maholi has a very winding course and flow through the pargana of Sitapur to join the Sarayan on its right, a short distance below Sitapur city.</p><br>
<h4>Behta</h4><br>
<p>Further south on the same bank, another tributary of Sarayan is Behta. It rises in Mishrikh pargana. After separating Korauna from Machhrehta it turn eastward through the latter pargana to join the Sarayan river near a small village of Rasulpur.</p><br>
<h3>East bank tributaries</h3><br>
<h4>Gond</h4><br>
<p>Gond is the most important and the largest tributary joining the Sarayan on its east bank. Gond river has its origins in swampy areas near Hargaon.</p><br>
<h2>See more</h2><br>
<p>Gomati</p><br>
<p>Kathna</p><br>
<p>Ghaghra</p><br>
<p>The Hawarden City Hall, Fire Station and Auditorium, also known as City Auditorium and the Community Center, is a historic building located in Hawarden, Iowa, United States. The structure is an example of Progressivism, popular throughout the United States from the 1890s through the 1920s. Besides constructing this building, Progressivism was responsible for constructing hard-surfaced streets, street lighting, and installing sanitary and storm sewers in Hawarden. Sioux City architect William L. Steele was responsible for designing the building. Completed in 1918, it is a two-story brick structure. The auditorium occupies the main floor and is accessed by an exterior staircase in the front of the building. City government offices occupied the first floor, with the fire department on the far end. There are two bays for the fire equipment. City government remained in this building until 1981 when it moved to the refurbished Chicago & Northwestern Railway Passenger Depot a block to the south. The building has remained empty for the most part since then. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Ringgold County Jail is a historic building located in Mount Ayr, Iowa, United States. It was the second building that housed the county jail from its completion in 1895 until the present Ringgold County Courthouse and jail was built in 1927. The building was sold to the American Legion who used it for its local post until 1978. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Subsequently the building has housed commercial establishments.</p><br>
<p>The basic design of the building and the steel cells were provided by the Pauly Jail Building & Mfgr. Co. of St. Louis. The two-story brick building was constructed by James McCombs, a local brickmason. The building&#39;s dimensions are roughly 38 by. The eastern half of the building was the cell block, and an office, bath and juvenile cells were on the western half. None of the interior jail facilities, or the exterior bars on the windows, exist anymore.</p><br>
<p>The Absalom Thompson House is a historic house located two miles south of Spring Hill, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1835 for Absalom Thompson, this brick house was originally a Federal style, 1-1/2 story ell-shaped structure. The house was most likely built by Nathan Yaught, a master craftsman who built or re-modelled many houses in Maury County. Around 1860, the house was changed to a two-story dwelling with Greek Revival features. It has an early flat roof and a 3-bay symmetrical facade (south elevation), and is painted white. The earlier, first floor section of the house is laid in Flemish bond, and the second story, raised around 1860, is laid in American common bond. Four exterior brick chimneys are located in pairs on the east and west elevations of the main section of the house, and two brick chimneys are located on the ell: one is an original, interior chimney, and the other, a new exterior chimney at the north end of the ell.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 11, 1979.</p><br>
<p>Qalaichi, Ghalay-chi, قلایچی in Persian  is an important archaeological site for the Iron Age of north-western Iran. It is a mountain 11m high, situated about 9 air km north-west of Bukan City in West Azerbaijan Province 18 km away from the border of Kurdistan province. The site is located near a village from whence it got its name. Hills and mountains surround it; the highest one in the east is the so-called Kal-Tage.</p><br>
<p>Qalaichi is a settlement town in as we know from cuneiform texts which lay in the polity Mannea. The main period of occupation lies from the 9th to 7th centuries BCE. Key archaeological finds include a stele inscribed with an Aramaic text In addition, the ancient settlement yielded a large number of glazed objects.</p><br>
<p>Some of them are monochrome and the others show complex compositions. The glazed objects from the regular excavations curated in Urmia Museum and Tehran National Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Bank Block is a historic commercial building at 15 Main Street in Dexter, Maine. Built in 1876 for two local banks, with a new fourth floor added in 1896, it is a significant local example of Italianate and Romanesque architecture, designed by Bangor architect George W. Orff. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bank Block is located in the heart of Dexter&#39;s central business district, on the north side of Main Street (Maine State Route 23). It is a four story masonry structure, with brick upper floors and ground floor retail spaces of glass, granite and metal. The ground floor is seven bays wide, articulated by a combination of iron and stone pilasters. Entrances are in the leftmost bay and the central bay, set in paneled recesses, and the remaining bays have glass display windows. The pilasters support a granite lintel, above which the brick portion of the building rises. The upper floors are five bays wide, with brick quoining at the corners and flanking the central bay. Second and third floor windows are set in segmented-arch openings, with Italianate brick hoods and bracketed stone sills. The fourth floor is separated from the others by a brick stringcourse, and has tripled round-arch Romanesque windows in the outer two bays, and a single round-arch window in the center bay. The cornice consists of corbelled brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The Bank Block was built in 1876 as a joint project by the Dexter Savings Bank (founded 1867) and the First National Bank (1875). The ground floor was dedicated to retail space, the second floor to the offices of the two banks, and the upper floors housed the local Masonic lodge. Designed by Bangor architect George W. Orff, the top floor was originally mansarded in the Second Empire style, with gabled dormers. The Masonic facilities were gutted by a fire in early 1896, and the upper portion of the building was subsequently rebuilt to a design by Henry Dexter, a local builder. The building housed banks until the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<p>The Pennell Institute is a historic government building at 24 Main Street in Gray, Maine. Built 1876-86 as a gift to the town by Henry Pennell, it housed the town high school for many years, and now houses municipal offices. A fine example of institutional high style Italianate architecture, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Pennell Institute building is located in Grays village center, on the south side of Main Street (Maine State Route 302). It is a 2-1/2 story brick building with a gabled roof and tower. A tall 2-1/2 story gabled section projects from the front, with single-story porches on either side, sheltering the original entrances. The front of the projection has corner pilasters, round-arch recessed panels, narrow round-arch windows, a wider round-arch window at the gable, and decorative brickwork at the cornice. The tower above features a clock, set in a round-arch panel, topped by a flared cornice, belfry, and a crested and flared truncated pyramidal roof. The buildings sides are five bays long, defined by round-arch recessed panels two stories in height. Windows here, as on the front, have bracketed stone hoods and sills. A modern ell extends to the rear, with wings out to its sides. Set south of the main building is the former laboratory building, built later but stylistically sympathetic to the original.</p><br>
<p>The town of Gray has offered high school education since the early 19th century, but it was poorly organized for many years. By 1870 the need for a proper high school, with a permanent full-time staff was evident. Henry Pennell, then the town&#39;s wealthiest resident, promised to build the town a high school. Work was begun on this building was begun in 1876, but construction languished, and it was still incomplete in 1884, when Pennell died. In his will, he bequeathed additional funds to complete the building, including an endowment for maintenance and bequests for the library and laboratory. The building was finally completed in 1886, and graduated its first class three years later.</p><br>
<p>The building now houses municipal offices.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bennington High School is a historic school building at 650 Main Street in Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1913 and enlarged several times, it is architecturally significant as an excellent example of Beaux Arts architecture, and is historically important for its role in local education. The building, closed in 2004, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Bennington&#39;s high school educational services are now provided by Mount Anthony Union High School.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Bennington High School is located on the eastern edge of Bennington&#39;s downtown area, on the north side of Main Street (Vermont Route 9), on a lot that is bounded on the north side by Pleasant Street. It is a two story masonry structure, built out of brick and stone, and set on a concrete foundation. The south-facing main facade is symmetrical, with a central section flanked by slightly projecting wings. The central portion houses the main entrance, which is sheltered by a two-story portico with fluted Corinthian columns supporting an entablature, cornice, and parapet. It is flanked on the first floor by single sash windows with stone keystones, and on the second floor by bands of sash windows with transoms above. The front-facing wing ends have no windows, and a brick panel outline with marble corner blocks. Medallions are centered near the tops of these panels.</p><br>
<p>The town of Bennington&#39;s first high school was built about 1875, and was over its capacity by 1909. In 1912 the town authorized construction of this building, which was formally opened in 1914. It served as a high school until 1967, undergoing additions in 1939, 1958, and again in 1975, when it was serving as Mount Anthony Middle School. The middle school was closed in 2004, and plans were laid to convert the building to senior housing.</p><br>
<p>The Titan II ICBM Launch Complex 373-5 Site is a historic military installation in White County, Arkansas. It is located on private property just northeast of the junction of Arkansas Highways 35 and 320, west of Searcy. The 23 acre site has only a few surface-level features remaining, including its access road  and a helicopter landing pad. Most of the site&#39;s surviving features are below ground, including a three-level command complex, but are discernible by the mounding of earth over their remains. The site housed a Titan II missile, and was in service from 1962 until 1986. Its control equipment was then removed, and many of its surface-level features  were demolished and covered with mounded earth. When operational, the site was operated by the 373d Strategic Missile Squadron of the United States Air Force.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Fisher School Bridge is a covered bridge in Lincoln County in the USA state of Oregon. The 72 ft Howe truss structure crosses a stream called Five Rivers near the rural community of Fisher in the Central Oregon Coast Range.</p><br>
<p>The bridge takes its name from Fisher Elementary School, which was nearby but no longer exists. Alternatively, the bridge is sometimes called Five Rivers Bridge. It is the only remaining covered bridge in the Five Rivers basin. Former covered bridges within 2 mi of Fisher were the Buck Creek Bridge (1924) and the Cascade Creek Bridge (1927), both 36 ft long.</p><br>
<p>Conflicting county records give the date of construction as either 1919 or 1927,</p><br>
<p>Scheduled for demolition in the 1970s after replacement by a concrete bridge, the Fisher School Bridge was preserved by the local community with the aid of Lincoln County. In 1998, an inspection showed that the bridge had become unsafe and would need to be demolished or renovated. A federal grant obtained in 2001 with help from the Oregon Department of Transportation paid for most of the renovation, including new floor beams, deck, siding, roof, and other components, and red paint.</p><br>
<p>The Lee Shay Farmhouse, also known as the Lee Shay Farmstead, is a historic residence located in rural Ringgold County, Iowa, United States near the town of Maloy. Joseph Leo Shay  and Teresa Cecelia Eason Shay  were married</p><br>
<p>in 1911 and moved to this farm the following year. During their fifty years together here they raised four daughters. They hired the Des Moines architectural firm of Kraetsch & Kraetsch to design this house. It was constructed from 1919 to 1920. A fire in one of the farm buildings in August 1920 did some damage to the structure before it was completed. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The two-story frame houses dimensions are 33 by. It exhibits elements that are consistent with the Tudor Revival style. Houses like this one are more commonly found in an urban area. Its farmstead location reflects Iowas rural prosperity at the end of what is known as the "Golden Age of Agriculture."</p><br>
<p>Cape Pallarenda Quarantine Station is a heritage-listed former quarantine station at 1 The Esplanade, Pallarenda, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1915 to 1916. It is also known as Northern Regional Office, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Northern Regional Office, Environmental Protection Agency, and Cape Pallarenda Coastal Battery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 April 1999. The building is part of Cape Pallarenda Conservation Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Quarantine Station at Cape Pallarenda was established between 1915-1916, using building materials previously used in the construction of an earlier quarantine station constructed in 1884-1885 at West Point, Magnetic Island.</p><br>
<p>The concept of isolating those parts of the community suffering from disease dates to 14th century Italy, when Venice, trying to protect the city from ship-born disease, established a segregated area away from the centre of population. These isolation areas became known as quarantine stations, from the Latin words for forty days after which time patients, if they were not dead were considered clear of disease.</p><br>
<p>Quarantine in the northern part of Australia began when the Moreton Bay District of New South Wales (later part of Queensland), established a quarantine station at Dunwich on Stradbroke Island in July 1849 after deaths were recorded on a ship arriving at Moreton Bay in January 1849. The introduction of disease into Northern Australia became an issue as the population of Australia increased after the discovery of gold in 1851, and in Queensland after the opening of a gold field at Crocodile Creek in Central Queensland in 1866. In 1867 the population expanded as a result of a rush of 15,000 diggers to new gold fields at Gympie, Central Queensland and Cape River, North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>This growth of population and the development of Australia as a sea trading nation made it obvious that there was a need to control the introduction and spread of infectious diseases. The first Queensland Health Act was drafted in 1884; the other Australian colonies had drawn up laws by the late 1890s. In general, legislation established Central Boards of Health to enforce notification of infectious diseases and to provide guidelines for quarantining suspected cases.</p><br>
<p>Townsville, the first or second port of call for shipping on the Asia/Pacific route, was identified as a place where suspected cases of ship-born disease could be detained. In 1875 Magnetic Island, just off Townsville, was set aside as a place of quarantine. Tents were set up at Picnic Bay, with passengers cared for by the Butler family, who had recently established pineapple plantations on the Island. The Butlers later built primitive huts at either end of the beach for male and female emigrants. A number of people died at Picnic Bay and are buried at the eastern end of the Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 a permanent quarantine station was established at West Point, Magnetic Island, in response to the provisions of the Queensland Health Act and as a result of community concern about the standard of accommodation for people quarantined on the island. Colonial Architect John James Clark prepared drawings for five buildings in 1883. Tenders were called on 9 October 1884 and the West Point site was gazetted as an area for quarantine in March 1885.</p><br>
<p>Townsville builders, Lesser and Soarre, won the contract and work commenced in November 1884. By mid-1885 the hospital, single womens quarters, married quarters, single mens quarters, and a store had been constructed at a cost of £3,765. In early 1886 Townsville firm Cavell & Holt won the tender to construct a caretakers cottage at a cost of £305. Between December 1885 and 1887 a jetty, Surgeons Quarters, wash houses, and fencing were constructed by C & A Sparre at a cost of £11,005. In 1887, EJ Cavell built a luggage shed at a cost of £116.</p><br>
<p>By 1909, when responsibility for the Quarantine Service had passed to the Commonwealth, the Port of Townsville had developed into the second busiest port in Queensland with special ferry facilities needed to transport quarantine cases to West Point.</p><br>
<p>The West Point location had not proved to be an ideal one for a quarantine station. Lack of water, distance from the port, and distance from medical authorities caused difficulties. An increased interest in the study of tropical diseases after the establishment by the Commonwealth Health Department of the Tropical Institute Research Project in the General Hospital grounds in 1911, also led to a re-evaluation of the location of the quarantine station.</p><br>
<p>A site was set aside at Cape Marlow (later Cape Pallarenda), for a mainland quarantine station in 1910, but it was not until 1914, with the threat of increased disease after the outbreak of World War 1, that planning began in earnest to move the West Point buildings to the mainland.</p><br>
<p>Tenders, which were called in July 1914, were rejected as too high. Reviewing the proposal, the Director General of Works under the direction of the Minister for Home Affairs, decided the project should be carried out as an Employment Enhancement Scheme. The cost of the project, built by day labour, was set at £12,400 and reassessed in 1917 at £15,538.</p><br>
<p>The Cape Pallarenda site was cleared and a road cut across the town common to German Gardens (now known as Belgian Gardens). The Director of Quarantine approved the transfer of "buildings from Magnetic Island to the Cape Pallarenda site, some new buildings to be erected", in April 1913.</p><br>
<p>Removal took 7 months from November 1915 to June 1916. The large buildings were unroofed, dismantled into wall and ceiling panels and the floors separated into scantlings. The materials were loaded onto a barge for transfer to the jetty at Cape Pallarenda. The buildings were re-erected according to drawings supplied by the Government architect for the Department of Home Affairs.</p><br>
<p>On the new site the buildings received new roofs, had verandah handrails added, and the window details were changed. New buildings were constructed for the Administration Block (present Marine Parks Building), the Bath Block, the Asiatic Shelter Shed, the Laundry (Wet Tropics Volunteers Building), Incinerator Shed, and Disinfecting Block (present museum Building). The layout of the complex was detailed in a site drawing by CMU Todd, Works Director for Queensland, in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Living facilities at the quarantine station were divided by the same class system that existed in ships. There were separate dining and living facilities for first and second class passengers and a segregated area near the fumigation shed for Asiatic seamen and passengers. The Asiatic area was a covered concrete slab where hammocks were suspended under a canopy.</p><br>
<p>The complex was linked by a series of footpaths and a service road system. A well was sunk in the sand dunes above high water mark and a series of water mains were connected throughout. The beach front well was never entirely satisfactory and a small earthen weir was constructed in the creek behind the jetty. This weir never held water and in 1925 a second, small concrete dam was constructed on the slope of Many Peaks Range at the rear of the Station. This weir was constructed by A Jensen and cost £1284.</p><br>
<p>The quarantine station continued to accept quarantined passengers from ships travelling the Asian shipping routes well into the twentieth century. There was a good deal of activity, particularly during the flu epidemic of 1919 and the bubonic plague pandemic of the early part of the twentieth century. In August 1920, 13 Vietnamese sailors died of meningitis and were buried behind the hospital.</p><br>
<p>By 1942 Townsville had become the supply base for World War II in the South-West Pacific. Australian Area Combined Headquarters for the North-east Area was established in Townsville as well as the United States Army Base Section Two, the Fourth Air Depot of the United States Army/Airforce, a naval replenishment port and a major transhipment centre for troops and supplies. Townsville was heavily defended with radar, searchlights and anti-aircraft installations. Fixed coastal defence installations were constructed on Mount Marlow at Pallarenda and on Magnetic Island.</p><br>
<p>The facility at Pallarenda was designed to protect the northern entrance to Townsville Harbour and to protect the shipping passage between the mainland and Magnetic Island. The construction at Pallarenda included two gun emplacements, two searchlight installations, a command post and a sizeable camp. The complex was probably constructed by the Main Roads Department under direction from the Allied Works Council, which was the principal construction authority in Queensland for wartime installations such as roads, airstrips and coastal defence fortifications.</p><br>
<p>The Station continued to function throughout World War II and up until the Malayan War when, between 1966 and 1974, the Hospital and Observance Block were taken over by the 9th Field Ambulance Corp Field Hospital.</p><br>
<p>A new hospital building was constructed in 1973, mainly to treat contagious patients returning from the Vietnam War. The Hospital and Observation Block, built of material from the West Point site, were damaged during Cyclone Althea in December 1971 and demolished to make way for the new building. Although completed, the hospital was never used as a medical facility because of the construction of a contagious diseases hospital in Melbourne which accepted cases from all over Australia.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the Melbourne Contagious Disease Hospital marked the end of the Pallarenda facility as a place of quarantine. Planning to locate the recently established Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) into the complex began early in 1974. By November 1974 AIMS personnel had moved into six transportable laboratories and the former Quarantine Station buildings. AIMS remained until 1977 when the organisation moved to a permanent location at Cape Ferguson, south of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GRBRMPA) was located in the present Marine Parks building for a short time, soon after it was established in 1975. However, after AIMS and GRBRMPA moved out, the complex remained empty until 1 February 1986 when the area was gazetted as an Environmental Park.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the former quarantine station were planted with native vegetation and the former Administration building occupied by the Marine Parks Section of the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage. The rest of the buildings were restored in 1991-1992 and occupied by the Northern Regional Office of the then Environmental Protection Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former quarantine station is located at Cape Pallarenda on a rise behind coastal sand dunes. Mount Marlow rises from a small flood plain at the rear of the complex.</p><br>
<p>There are sixteen timber buildings within the heritage register boundary, some of which were constructed at West Point and later moved and re-assembled at Cape Pallarenda. The buildings are set within a green rainforest setting which contributes to the tropical ambience of the site. The buildings are timber framed and clad with vertical chamfered timber boards. The buildings are supported on concrete stumps.</p><br>
<p>The buildings that form part of the quarantine station include a central group:</p><br>
<p>Marine Parks/Coastal Management (former Administration/Doctors Building)</p><br>
<p>Conference Room/Planning Section (former First Class Quarters)</p><br>
<p>Reception/Library/Records/RDs office (former Second Class Quarters)</p><br>
<p>QNPWS/Conservation Strategy/Resources (former Dining Room)</p><br>
<p>Graphics Lab (former Kitchen)</p><br>
<p>Wetlands/GIS Mapping (former Married Quarters)</p><br>
<p>Administration/Accounts (former Engine Drivers Accommodation)</p><br>
<p>To the south of this group is the Cultural Heritage/Engineering (former Manager&#39;s Residence). To the northern of the central group are the:</p><br>
<p>Habitat Hut (former Storage Shed)</p><br>
<p>Workshop (former Laundry)</p><br>
<p>Museum (former Disinfectant Block)</p><br>
<p>Storage Shed (former Shower Block)</p><br>
<p>The roofs of the buildings are generally half hipped with ventilation panels in the small gable ends formed by the half hip. The roofs are clad with a mixture of corrugated iron sheeting and aluminium decking. The roofs in many cases extend over generous verandahs and are supported on stop chamfered columns. Between the timber columns are simple timber battened balustrades. The stairs which provide access to the buildings are generally open tread timber stairs with simple timber rail balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The buildings feature double French doors opening onto the verandah spaces with operable transom windows above. Lining the original faces of the buildings are vertical sash timber framed windows. The former Manager&#39;s Residence features remnant interiors which are earlier than the other buildings of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The former First Class Quarters and Second Class Quarters were originally two halves of the nineteenth century West Point Hospital Building, a large timber building with surrounding verandahs built on the pavilion planning principles. The former Married Quarters was originally the Hospital Kitchen, also moved from West Point. Another building from the West Point Quarantine Station site is the former Dining Room which was built as the single women&#39;s quarters. The central original dining room has been divided into several offices internally.</p><br>
<p>The former administration block dates from 1915, and has a long east west axis comprising a core of offices arranged around a central hall with verandahs surrounding the building, measuring 2.7 metres in width. The building is elevated on concrete stumps and has a low half hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>A number of associated structures are found throughout the site defined by the heritage register boundary. These include World War II fortifications and various water structures.</p><br>
<p>The World War II fortifications are located on the lower slopes of Mount Marlow, to the north west of the former quarantine station buildings at Pallarenda. The facilities are built on the rocky slopes with the command post on the highest point. There are five structures still surviving as well as concrete slabs in the accommodation area, drainage systems along the paths and a substantial piece of curbing and guttering along the track to the gun emplacements. Other visible evidence includes a large hole in rock with a remnant camouflage frame over it, a levelled area below the command post which is surrounded by a stone pitched wall and steps.</p><br>
<p>The command post is a concrete building which comprises two rooms, one above the other, with observation slits cut at head height round three sides of the structure. Access to the building is from the northern side into the lower room and from the rear into the higher room. The gun emplacements are also built of concrete. The guns were protected by a cantilevered extension, with a shell store and cartridge store of reinforced concrete at the rear. Searchlight facilities are of similar construction without the rear store rooms. The road drainage system and curbing and guttering are of rock lined channels held in place with concrete. The level area below the command post is surrounded by a stone-pitched wall with concrete and stone steps. There is some evidence that the buildings were covered in camouflage paint. Some sections of the buildings have been painted in recent years in an attempt to cover graffiti.</p><br>
<p>On the bank of a creek which runs beside the quarantine station is a concrete weir which was apparently built to supply water. The remnants of a stone jetty is sited near where this creek flows to the sea. An early timber footbridge provides carriage across the creek.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Cape Pallarenda Quarantine Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site demonstrates government and community attempts to eradicate and treat tropical disease and effect racial segregation at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>The complex has historic links with seaborn immigration and early settlement of Townsville and North Queensland and with the development of Townsville as a port. These links extend to the various wars with which Australia has been involved and to the foundation of the Australian Institute of Marine Science, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and to the establishment of the Department of Environment and Heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Cape Pallarenda Quarantine Station was constructed in 1915/16, under an Employment Enhancement Scheme and is one of few surviving early quarantine stations in Australia and the only substantially intact example in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The site comprises a coherent group of early 20th century timber buildings constructed for the Federal government and includes building elements from the 19th century quarantine station at West Point, Magnetic Island.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>These links extend to the various wars with which Australia has been involved and to the foundation of the Australian Institute of Marine Science, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and to the establishment of the Department of Environment and Heritage.</p><br>
<p>Picnic Bay State School is a heritage-listed former school and now the Magnetic Island Museum at 11-15 Granite Street, Picnic Bay, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Queensland Department of Public Works and built in 1921. It is also known as Magnetic Island State School No. 1567 and Magnetic Island Craft Shop. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Magnetic Island State School was constructed in 1921, probably by local builder Mr Shrock, and replaced an earlier provisional school building erected in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The island was first settled by the Butler family in 1877. Harry Butler and his family established a small dairy, orchard and a mixed farm in Picnic Bay. The family experimented with the planting of pineapples and after building small huts adjacent to their house the island became a favourite weekend and holiday destination for mainland people. They also established a ferry service which operated well into the 20th century. Other settlers had established farms in accessible bays round the island by the early 1900s. Vegetables, pineapples and fruit were grown for sale on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>Tourist development of the island began in earnest when Robert Hayles built an hotel at Picnic Bay in 1901. The island&#39;s reputation as a holiday resort brought many settlers to the various bays where guest houses and holiday huts were established. Tourism has continued to be the chief source of livelihood for many people residing on Magnetic Island.</p><br>
<p>With the early 20th century expansion of settlement on Magnetic Island came the need for the provision of local education. Although free, secular, compulsory education had been introduced to Queensland with the Education Act of 1875, school fees and contributions to school building funds still had to be met by parents, and compulsory attendance was rarely enforced prior to 1900. Magnetic Island children who did receive an education during this period generally boarded on the mainland and attended the Townsville schools.</p><br>
<p>Educational reform was slow in coming to Queensland as a result of the financial constraints placed on the Government by depression and subsequent drought during the latter part of the 19th century. Change began after the Education Act Amendment Act of 1912 abolished the need for local people to contribute to their children&#39;s education, raised the minimum leaving age from 12 to 14 years and reinforced compulsory primary school attendance. These regulations imposed considerable hardship on Magnetic Island families because the children were obliged to go to school on the mainland. They were forced to board with friends because schools in the town did not provide boarding facilities. The lack of education facilities on the island had become a serious problem which was exacerbated as the population grew.</p><br>
<p>In November 1912 a group of Magnetic Island residents, including Dodd S Clarke, editor of the Townsville Daily Bulletin, formed a committee to pursue the establishment of a provisional school on the island. The District Inspector of Schools visited Picnic Bay and recommended that a half-time school be established, with a teacher from the mainland appointed to operate the school from 3.30pm to 5pm on Thursdays and all day Friday and Saturday. In April 1913 the Department of Public Instruction agreed that if the parents could arrange accommodation for the school and the visiting teacher, approval would be given for the establishment of a half-time school at Picnic Bay. Mary McLennan, the first teacher appointed to the island, commenced work on 12 June 1913, in an open-sided shed with a concrete floor. The half-time school became a provisional school in 1915 and on 1 June 1920 was formally taken over by the Department of Public Instruction as a state school.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the Magnetic Island community campaigned for a new school building. Pressure was also placed on the Department of Public Instruction by the Townsville City Council, who stressed the need for new accommodation for the 27 students at the school. In response, a new, one-roomed school house was built in 1921. Constructed to a Department of Works design, the new school, with open verandahs front and back, cost £785. The earlier school building became the play shed.</p><br>
<p>In November 1924 the Department of Public Instruction suggested a name change from Magnetic Island State School to Picnic Bay State School because there was now another school on the Island. The school committee accepted the name change in January 1925. In October 1927 the Picnic Bay Progress Association applied to rent half the school grounds for a sports field. The Department refused but agreed that the school grounds outside the fenced school building could be used for recreation purposes.</p><br>
<p>The school committee led an active campaign in the 1930s to have a well sunk and a windmill erected on the school reserve. They succeeded and the well and windmill were constructed in 1937. The south end of the front verandah was enclosed in September 1939 to create a hat room and the play shed was demolished in July–August 1940. Electricity was connected at the end of 1955 and the rear verandah was enclosed during September and October 1958 to create more classroom space.</p><br>
<p>By the 1960s there were three schools on Magnetic Island. In rationalising its assets at this period, the Education Department decided to phase out the schools at Picnic and Horseshoe Bays, and to develop the school at Nelly Bay because of its central location on the island. The Picnic Bay State School functioned until May 1970. The building remained vacant until occupied in 1980 by the newly established Magnetic Island Craft Co-Operative, which conducted a shop from the building. Later it became the Magnetic Island Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building consists of one room with a front verandah and an enclosed rear verandah. Timber and iron decorative window hoods protect all the windows. The roof has been replaced with corrugated iron although original gutters are intact.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is clad with 14 cm chamferboard. It is high set on concrete stumps with centrally placed front steps leading to a partially open front verandah. The exposed framing is a feature of the front verandah with the right end wall and part of the front enclosed with weatherboard. The remainder of the verandah has simple broomstick balustrading. The original front door remains in situ. It is a heavy timber panelled door which retains its original latch.</p><br>
<p>The size of the central room is 6.8 metres x 6.7 metres. The timber floor boards throughout the building are 8.5 cm wide as are the walls and ceiling boards. The ceiling in the original room is flat and slopes away to the front and rear to meet the walls. Ventilation is provided in the ceiling by a centrally placed latticed vent and by means of moveable floor vents situated at the base of the front wall. Cross ventilation is provided by casement windows on the north and south walls. Each pair of casements has a three paned hopper above, which can be opened. Fittings on the windows on the southern wall are original.</p><br>
<p>Access to the enclosed rear verandah is through a wide archway cut in the rear wall of the central room. The interior walls of the back verandah have been lined with fibro and hopper windows installed in the north and south walls. The tongue and groove ceilings on both verandahs slope down in line with the fall of the main ceiling. The original back door, constructed of tongue and groove boards retains some of its early fittings. The rear steps appear original and lead to a small landing.</p><br>
<p>The remains of two tank stands are located outside the building on the southern wall and the original drinking trough and hand basin are in their original position under the building. A more modern toilet block has been constructed under the rear of the building. The grounds contain plantings of introduced trees such as tamarind and frangipanni. The reserve is dotted with gum trees, a Norfolk Island pine and some Burdekin plums. The grounds are enclosed with cyclone wire fencing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Picnic Bay State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 June 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former school is significant for its relationship to a period of early tourism and settlement on Magnetic Island and to a growth in public concern for education, in the first few decades of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant also as a regional example of a one-roomed school structure, typical of the period (1920s), in remote areas of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Staw Zbarski is a small pond in Warsaw in the district of Włochy.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The pond is located to the left of the Vistula, in Warsaw, in the district of Włochy, in the region of osiedle Zbarż, near Wirażowa street. Located in the vicinity of Expressway S79 by an interchange that connects the road with the streets Marynarska and Sasanki.</p><br>
<p>The document "Program Ochrony Środowiska dla m. st. Warszawy na lata 2009-2012 z uwzględnieniem perspektywy do 2016 r." reports that the pond is located on an eminence and has an area equal to 0.2727 hectares. According to another source, it is 0,25 hectares. The average depth is 0.37 m and the coastline is 265 m. The whole area of a small surrounding park – "Zieleniec ze Stawem Zbarskim" is 0.47 hectares.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is probably the only naturally formed on the territory of the district, is located in the relief depression. In the past, was on the territory of the former village Zbarż.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>On-site of the pond following plant species were detected: Phragmites, Schoenoplectus lacustris, Typha latifolia, Ceratophyllum and Elodea canadensis. In the vicinity of the reservoir there are willows. In a study in 2004 on the territory of the pond and its surroundings mallards were detected.</p><br>
<p>Staw Zbarski has been restored in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Gass Peak is the highest peak in the Las Vegas Range of Southern Nevada with a summit of 6,937 feet . It is easily seen to the north of the Las Vegas Valley, bordering the city of North Las Vegas. The peak is located about 20 miles  north of Las Vegas and is within the Desert National Wildlife Refuge, administered by the USA Fish & Wildlife Service.</p><br>
<p>Gass Peak is accessible by the public and the most common access is via the Corn Creek Station off USA Route 95, northwest of Las Vegas. Roads are dirt roads and hiking trails are not maintained. A communications tower with solar panels has been built at the top of the peak.</p><br>
<p>Gass Peak is named for Octavius Decatur Gass (1828–1924), an early settler and prominent rancher of Las Vegas.</p><br>
<p>Renwick Generating Plant, also known as the Municipal Steam Light Plant, is a historical industrial facility located in Renwick, Iowa, United States. G.L. Long was an engineer who was contracted in 1914 to design a steam-powered electrical light plant. It first distributed energy on March 14, 1915, at 6:00 p.m. The steam engines were replaced by a 75-horsepower, two-cylinder, semi-diesel engine and generating equipment manufactured by Fairbanks-Morse in 1922. A 125-horsepower diesel engine manufactured by Worthington Pump and Machinery Corporation was added in 1936. At that time the plant started to supply power to a newly formed rural electric cooperative that was funded by the Rural Electrification Act of 1936. A Faribanks-Morse 300-horsepower, four-cylinder diesel was added in 1939, and the 75-horsepower and 40-horsepower engines were replaced in 1942 by another 300-horsepower diesel. An addition was added onto the north side of the building the same year. It housed the local fire department and city hall. The facility was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The plant is a single-story, rectangular building that was built of concrete block manufactured in Renwick. It is a contributing building in the historic district. Contributing structures include the three engines, a transformer substation bank, a cooling tower, a water tower, and a utility shed.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Masonic Hall is a heritage-listed former masonic temple at 485-493 Sturt Street, Townsville CBD, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by W G Smith & Sons and built in 1889 by Sparre & Hansen. It is also known as Assembly of God Hall, Calvary Temple, Townsville Choral & Orchestral Society Building, Townsville Choral Society Inc. Building, and Townsville Choral and Orchestral Society Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed masonry building was erected in 1889 as Townsville&#39;s first masonic hall, on a site acquired in 1888 by the Townsville Masonic Hall Company Ltd, all the shareholders of which were freemasons.</p><br>
<p>Freemasonry was established in Townsville in 1866, with the creation of the Hibernia and Albion Star Lodge, no.289 under the Irish constitution. Townsville Lodge, no.1596 under the English constitution, was established in 1875. Both lodges met at a variety of venues until the purpose-built masonic hall was constructed in 1889. Its location in Sturt Street West reflected the 1880s spread of population to the West End, where the need for a building suitable for lodge meetings was growing evident by the late 1880s. The project was a combined effort of both lodges in Townsville, but was initiated by members of the Hibernia and Albion Star Lodge.</p><br>
<p>The hall was designed by North Queensland architects WG Smith & Sons, and erected by contractors Sparre & Hansen, with a contract price of £1,175. Smith (it is not clear whether this was William George Smith senior or junior) and Sparre were freemasons. The foundation stone was laid in May 1889, and an elaborate opening ceremony was conducted the following August. The building was described at the time as simple and severe, but beautifully finished and delightfully cool.</p><br>
<p>However, by 1926, it was decided that a new temple was needed and a two-storey reinforced-concrete hall was constructed at 42 Walker Street in 1934 (which is still in use in 2016).</p><br>
<p>The Sturt Street building was then sold to the Townsville Assembly of God, who occupied the building until 1980. The Assemblies of God (Queensland) (now known as the Australian Christian Churches) was formed in 1929, with the amalgamation of ten pentecostal groups from around the state, including that established in Townsville.</p><br>
<p>In 1970-71, several old structures at the rear of the building were demolished, the sides and back of the hall were extended, and the building was re-opened by the Assembly of God in 1971 as the Calvary Temple. The building was used principally as a meeting place, but for a brief time in the late 1970s it housed an Assembly of God school for grades 1 to 10.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the building was transferred to trustees of the Townsville Choral and Orchestral Society; providing office and rehearsal space. The Society formed in 1906 as the Townsville Musical Union. In 2013 the former Masonic Hall continues to be used by the Townsville Choral Society Incorporated.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Masonic Hall in Townsville is a single-storeyed structure overlooking Sturt Street to the south-east.</p><br>
<p>The building has a rendered classical front facade consisting of a tetrastyle portico, in the Ionic order which, within Freemasonry, symbolises strength. In 2009 the entablature was painted with the words TOWNSVILLE CHORAL SOCIETY. The facade, with pilasters supporting the entablature with a square parapet above, sits on a raised concrete platform.</p><br>
<p>The hall has a gabled roof clad with metal sheeting with lean-to structures to either side and the rear. These additions are constructed in concrete block and have louvred windows to the north-west and south-west, and a covered driveway along the eastern boundary.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has undergone major refurbishment with new wiring, floors, ceilings, kitchen and fittings. A large, tiled baptismal font is located under the current stage and survives from the building&#39;s use by the Assembly of God.</p><br>
<p>A two-storeyed chamferboard residence is located at the rear of the allotment, with a concrete block toilet building adjacent. Both are outside the heritage register boundary.</p><br>
<p>The front of the site is concreted with a low masonry wall and metal fence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Townsville Masonic Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Masonic Hall, erected in 1889 as Townsvilles first masonic hall, is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queenslands history, in particular the development of the West End of Townsville in the 1880s and 1890s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a small masonic hall establishing a strong street presence/identity.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is important in exhibiting a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Townsville community, in particular its strong contribution, through its architectural form, scale and materials, to the streetscape of Sturt Street and to the Townsville townscape; and its classical facade, seen as a landmark which reflects masonic identity.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has had a special association with Freemasonry in Townsville for over 45 years, and with North Queensland architects WG Smith & Sons, as an example of their work.</p><br>
<p>The Bennington Railroad Station is a historic former railroad depot at 150 Depot Street in downtown Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1897-98 by the Bennington and Rutland Railroad, it is the only Richardsonian Romanesque railroad station in the state of Vermont. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, and now houses a restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The former Bennington Railroad Station stands just northwest of Benningtons downtown, at the southwest corner of Depot and River Streets. The building is oriented at an angle to the intersection, paralleling the former route of the tracks, which formed a triangle with the two roads. It is a basically rectangular single-story stone structure, with an apse at its southern end, and a projecting rectangular entry section (formerly a porte-cochere) on the longer easterly facade. Unused railroad tracks lie just to the west, and a modern addition extends to the south, providing additional restaurant seating capacity. The former agents office projects on the track side of the building.</p><br>
<p>Benningtons early railroad service was limited to the village of North Bennington, about 5 mi north of the downtown. In 1854 a branch line was run from North Bennington to serve the town center, and a wood frame depot was erected by the Bennington and Rutland. In 1897, its depot in decline, the railroad commissioned local architect William C. Bull to design a replacement. The present building was completed the following year. Its design bears significant resemblance to the station designed by H.H. Richardson for Wellesley, Massachusetts (now demolished), and is the states only instance of a Richardsonian railroad station.</p><br>
<p>Passenger service to downtown Bennington was discontinued in the early 1930s, and it is not known how long freight service continued. The station building was sold into private hands in 1966, and it was converted into a restaurant in 1970. The modern extensions to the south were made in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The John Dupont House is a historic house located at 130 West 5th Street in New Burnside, Illinois. John Dupont, an early settler of New Burnside who later became Johnson County Commissioner, built the house in 1872. Dupont&#39;s tenure as commissioner was noted for his efforts to combat the Ku Klux Klan and his support for new laws banning alcohol sales in the county. The two-story house has an Italianate design with some Gothic Revival features. The house was built to a cruciform plan and features porches with moldings, bracket ing, and chamfered posts as well as tall, arched windows on the first and second floors. The gable windows have trefoil designs, a common Gothic feature. Both floors of the house have 11 ft high ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 19, 2016.</p><br>
<p>Bethel Burial Ground is a historic cemetery located in south Philadelphia, Pennsylvania beneath part of the surface of Weccacoe Playground, which is bounded by Queen, S. Lawrence, Catherine, and S. Liethgow Streets. The burial ground was about 100 feet square and is located below the southwest corner of the current playground.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Burials began in 1810 after the land was bought by the Rev. Richard Allen for Mother Bethel A.M.E. Church, located about half a mile north, to be a resting place for African-Americans. Bills of mortality and death certificates document 1,716 burials on the 0.28 acre site before 1830.</p><br>
<p>Large amounts of fill were used on the site to accommodate burials after 1842, in effect stacking graves on top of earlier graves. Estimates of the total burials range from 3,000 - 5,000. Burials ended in 1864 and the site was neglected. From 1869-1873 the lot was used for storage of wagons and other equipment by a sugar refiner and was further degraded. Bethel Church sold the property in 1889. By 1900 it had been transformed into a park, then known a Weccacoe Square.</p><br>
<p>A preliminary excavation has firmly established the extent of the cemetery, found evidence of many grave shafts, and of layers of fill, and one gravestone reading "Amelia Brown, 1819, Aged 26 years - Whosoever live and believeth in me, though we be dead, yet shall we live."</p><br>
<p>Bethel Burial Ground Philly blg.jpgPark pavilion, looking west. The burial ground lies behind the pavilion</p><br>
<p>Weccacoe Playground looking north.jpgEast side of Weccacoe Playground, looking north</p><br>
<h2>Weccacoe Playground</h2><br>
<p>Weccacoe Playground, located on the 400 block of Catharine Street, features a playground that dates back to 1910. Part of the park was built over the Bethel Burial Ground. The park includes a recreation center, two tennis courts, a playground and water play area.</p><br>
<p>The Thompson Brothers Rock Art is an inscribed rock located within Giant City State Park in Union County, Illinois. Four names are carved into the rock, all but possibly one of which were inscribed by Union soldiers or supporters during the Civil War. The two most prominent signatures belong to brothers Albert S. and T. W. Thompson; the former was a Union soldier, while the latter served as Deputy Provost Marshal and was responsible for locating Union deserters. Union soldier Thomas L. Bailey also carved his name into the rock; the fourth name, A. Parker, may have been either a fellow soldier or a resident of the area who added his name after the war. The rock was carved at a time when Union supporters and Southern sympathizers fought for control of southern Illinois, and as the Thompson family were among the most prominent Union supporters, it represents an attempt to physically claim the area for the North. The Confederate sympathizers&#39; inability to deface the names signifies their gradual loss of power in the area. The rock is now one of the few surviving Civil War sites in Illinois.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 2015.</p><br>
<p>Wolverton is a heritage-listed detached house at 95 Stagpole Street, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wolverton, a single-storeyed, decorative timber residence, was constructed for Thomas Turton, a well known Townsville painter and decorator. The architect and builder are unknown.</p><br>
<p>Turton, Savage & Co., painters and glaziers, and glass, oil and colour merchants, had established a business in Flinders Street, Townsville, by. The business proved successful, and for over 30 years Thomas Turton was Townsville&#39;s principal painter and decorator.</p><br>
<p>It appears that Turtons private residence, Wolverton, was erected. Title to the West End property was transferred to Emily Helen Elizabeth Turton, Thomas wife, in mid-1903, and Thomas Turton is listed as resident in Stagpole Street in the 1904 Queensland Post Office Directory.</p><br>
<p>The original structure is thought to have comprised two large rooms divided by a central hallway, surrounded by verandahs, with a detached kitchen at the rear. Later the rear verandah was enclosed and an additional wing added. Wolverton was one of only five Federation-era timber houses with a distinctive multi-gabled roofline, built in Townsville. One of these has been demolished, another shifted to a rural site; the three (including Wolverton) remaining in Townsville have been refurbished.</p><br>
<p>Thomas and Emily Turton resided at Wolverton until, after which the house appears to have been rented out. Title was transferred from Mrs Turton in 1925, and the property passed through a variety of owners and lessees in subsequent years. It is understood the house was moved sideways in the 1930s to create a vacant adjacent block and in the 1950s it was divided into two flats. In the 1980s Wolverton was restored to its pre-1950 appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Wolverton is a modest, single-storeyed timber residence, high set on concrete stumps, surrounded by a modern tropical garden of ferns, palms, shade trees and lawn. A semi-circular driveway is a feature of the front yard together with the original concrete fence foundation and posts.</p><br>
<p>The building has a complex hipped and gabled roof. There are two small symmetrically placed gables at the front of the house and a gabled frontispiece which extends through the front verandah. A large square ventilator is centrally placed on the ridge of the corrugated iron roof. The verandah, with dowel balustrading and lattice screening, extends around three sides of the building. The front porch is decorated with simple fretwork and a wooden arch over the front steps. The single-skin timber external walls have exposed framing. Boards have also been used throughout the house on the internal walls and ceilings.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Wolverton was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Wolverton, a prestigious timber residence erected during the expansion of Townsville as a port for the mineral rich rural hinterland, illustrates the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is significant in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Federation-era timber residence with distinctive multi-gabled roof and timber decorative detailing, unusual in Townsville, and is one of a group of only three such residences surviving in the city.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is significant in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a Federation-era timber residence with distinctive multi-gabled roof and timber decorative detailing, unusual in Townsville, and is one of a group of only three such residences surviving in the city.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Wolverton is a highly decorative building, and makes a distinctive aesthetic contribution to the suburban townscape of Townsville&#39;s West End.</p><br>
<p>West End Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 89 Ingham Road, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1885 by Peter Dean. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>West End Hotel was constructed in 1885 by Townsville builder Peter Dean, who was also the first licensee.</p><br>
<p>Early settlement in Townsville spread along the beach in the present North Ward area, with the commercial centre located along the bank of Ross Creek (Flinders Street). As the town developed, settlement spread further along Flinders Street to the area which became known as West End. By 1868 the West End Cemetery had been established in the area and by 1878 the Carriers Arms Hotel, a soap works, a foundry, commercial buildings and a large estate held by Frederick Ashton, were located at West End.</p><br>
<p>By the time West End Hotel was constructed in 1885, Townsville had grown to a thriving supply town for the pastoralists and miners in North Queensland. It had a port and was connected to Charters Towers and Hughenden by rail.</p><br>
<p>The West End Hotel was constructed in 1885 by Townsville builder and first licensee, Peter Dean. The hotel was built on Ingham Road opposite the Pastoral and Agricultural Society Showgrounds and close to the Racecourse. Located on the edge of the township, the hotel was on the road which led over Hervey&#39;s Range to the stations in the interior, a location which made it the first point of call for travellers arriving from the bush.</p><br>
<p>The two storeyed building was constructed of brick with a concrete floor throughout the ground level. On the ground floor there was a bar, three sitting rooms, a large dining room and a billiard room with a large, new table. Upstairs there was a large parlour, eight bedrooms and a bathroom. The timber balustraded balcony overlooked the showgrounds and the mountains to the south and west.</p><br>
<p>Special accommodation was provided at the rear for race horses. There were ten secure and well ventilated loose boxes as well as ordinary stabling for travellers&#39; horses. The proximity of the hotel to the race track ensured that the accommodation was full during the racing season. By 1886 the showgrounds were in regular use for sports meetings and the hotel was the venue for the presentation of prizes in 1886. It was also the terminus for the West End Omnibus Line which travelled between Tattersalls Hotel, Flinders Street East and West End Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Townsville continued to expand with settlement spreading along the new, south western road to the goldfields at Ravenswood and Charters Towers. Commercial development along Charters Towers Road meant that West End was no longer a centre of business. Suburban development did not spread beyond West End until after World War II although the hotel continued to provide a service for travellers reaching town from the west and north west.</p><br>
<p>The hotel would have been very busy during WWII because of its location close to an Australian Construction Corp camp at West End Cemetery. Although there are still rooms for rent, the hotel does not cater for the travelling public any more. However, it has continued to be a well patronised hotel, particularly during Townsville Show Week.</p><br>
<p>The building has been damaged by three cyclones since it was constructed and, while it has been restored, some components have been changed or lost including recent changes to the profile of the street awning.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The building lies on the corner of Ingham Road and Jane Street. It comprises a 2-storey rectangular building with a splayed corner, constructed in brick with timber floors and a corrugated iron hipped roof. There is a detached single storey rectangular building to the rear (the kitchen) constructed in brick with a corrugated iron hipped roof. There are extensive modern mono-pitch extensions to the rear of the building which link to the detached kitchen block. The main building has a 2-storey timber verandah and awning to Ingham Road and Jane Street frontages, partly enclosed at first floor level with recent glazing and lattice work. It has a decorative timber balustrade of a "union jack" design. The awning has timber posts with a simple timber slat curved valance between each post which is a recent addition to the awning. The roofs of the verandah and awning are of corrugated iron. The brick work is laid in English bond. The original red bricks have been painted over.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor front elevation has an asymmetrical design with four original double timber and glazed casement doors with fanlights over to the west of the principal access door, and two modern solid timber doors with fanlights to the east. The splayed corner of the building has a modern timber door, while the side elevation to Jane Street has two modern solid timber doors with fanlights over. The west end elevation is of solid brick, while the rear elevation has three door openings and a window.</p><br>
<p>The first floor front elevation is also asymmetrical with four original timber and glazed casement doors with fanlights over to the west of the main public access door onto the verandah, and two original timber and glazed casement doors with fanlights over to the east. The enclosed side elevation was not inspected. Early photographs indicate a casement door in the splayed corner and two casement doors to the side. The west slide elevation has a single window, while the rear elevation has a door blocked door opening and six windows opening with modern louvre glazing.</p><br>
<p>The detached kitchen building has three door openings and a window to the south front elevation, and a substantial chimney to the west side elevation.</p><br>
<p>Internally the ground floor comprises a main access hall providing access to the staircase and rooms either side. To the west are two full depth rooms, linked by a large opening in the dividing wall, now used as pool rooms. To the east is a bar, with a comparatively modern u-shaped bar fitting. To the rear of the main building are a number of single storey mono-pitched rooms, comprising bar and kitchen accommodation, and toilets.</p><br>
<p>The timber staircase is of a simple design with a single run to a middle landing and a return run to the first floor landing. It has simple timber slat balusters. The first floor comprises the main access hall giving public access to the verandah, and until recently to a first floor rear extension (toilets) which has been demolished. To the west is a central corridor giving access to three bedrooms on either side. The doors are of timber with four panels. To the east is the residential quarters of the manager. This appears to have been formed by adapting the original four bedrooms off a central corridor. Two of the bedrooms and the corridor have been opened up to form a kitchen/lounge and while the others remain in use as bedrooms. The enclosed verandah was not inspected. The walls and ceilings have been covered over at a later date with sheeting and battens.</p><br>
<p>While there have clearly been changes, the overall form, design and interior layout of the building survives. It retains a majority of original timber and glazed casement doors to the ground and first floor, and other joinery details.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>West End Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 June 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1885, it demonstrates the town limits at that time, and its location has a strong association with the Showground and railway line. The building is important as a premises which has operated as an hotel since 1885 and as such has a strong association with the growth and expansion of Townsville.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is important as a rare surviving example of an intact balconied hotel in North Queensland, very few hotels survive with their balconies intact and of these fewer survive with an intact 1880s balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The Brugjeld–Peterson Family Farmstead District, also known as Lakeside Farm and the Peterson Point Historical Farmstead, is a historic district in rural Emmet County, Iowa, United States near the town of Wallingford. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The farmstead is located on a high strip of land located between High Lake on the west and a wetland, Cunningham Slough, on the east. The historic district is made up of ten contributing elements. The seven contributing buildings include the house, barn, blacksmith shop complex, cook/wash house, chicken coop, hog house, and sheep barn. The three contributing structures are the cob shed, wood shed, and com crib. The house was a log structure built in 1870 by Peder N. Brugjeld and his son Peder N. Peterson. Clapboard siding covers the exterior. A stone addition was built onto it in 1895 by Peder N. Peterson. The barn was built sometime between the 1870s and 1890. The rest of the buildings and structures date from the early to mid-20th century, with the exception of the corn crib, which is from the late 19th century to early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district reflects Norwegian-American settlement, and the importance of blacksmithing as a commercial/industrial feature of the rural economy.</p><br>
<p>The farm and surrounding 40 acres are maintained and operated by the Emmet County Conservation Department and the Emmet County Conservation Foundation as an interpretive site and as a historic museum.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Showground is a heritage-listed showground at 72-104 Ingham Road, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 October 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Showground was established in 1882 by the North Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Association (P & A Assoc.) which later became known as the Townsville Pastoral Agricultural and Industrial Association (TPA&I). It remains in use as one of Queensland&#39;s premier showgrounds and continues to provide an important regional venue for the showcasing of North Queensland industrial, pastoral and agricultural products and businesses, and for athletics events and community and entertainment events. It retains a variety of structures erected between the mid 1890s and 1970s that have been important in the functioning of the showground. These include: exhibition halls, 1901 grandstand, show ring, poultry and livestock pavilions, a dairy, stabling and marshalling areas, gates, turnstiles, and Curley Bell stands.</p><br>
<p>Encouraged by a boom in settlement due to an expansion of the pastoral and goldmining industry, and in response to the formation of the National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland in 1875 and up and coming inaugural Exhibition to be held in Brisbane in August 1876, Townsville&#39;s civic and business leaders called for the establishment of the North Queensland Pastoral and Agricultural Association (P & A Association), at a meeting held in June 1876. Before a suitable site could be secured, the first Townsville Show was held in 1880 with agricultural and pastoral products displayed in the Botanical Gardens reserve and industrial and horticultural exhibits at the School of Arts.</p><br>
<p>From its inception, the Association was reflective of regional interests. In 1880, office bearers included country delegates from Hughenden, Lilliesmere, Towerhill, Woodstock, Herbert River, Charters Towers, Bluff Downs, Greenvale, Woodhouse, Mount Stuart, Dotswood, Dalrymple, Reedy Springs, Lyndhurst, Wandavale and Herbert River.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1870s the P & A Association applied to the colonial government for 16 acres (6.47 ha) at West End to be set aside as a reserve for show purposes. In January 1881, a deed of grant was issued to the Association trustees for 10 acres (4.04 ha) of Crown Land to be reserved for a showground on Flinders Street West, later known as Ingham Road. At the time the new showground adjoined several reserves including the Defence Force Reserve, the Pound Reserve and the Manure Depot. This later provided room for expansion of the grounds as well as setting up establishing a long relationship between the defence force and Show Association in regards to usage of the defence drill hall for exhibition space.</p><br>
<p>The first show was held at the new showground in 1882, and it was quickly realised by the P & A Association at the time that the area was an insufficient to service the showground events with no dedicated show exhibition space or to provide a flexible sporting venue for the growing community. As a result, the showgrounds were expanded in 1888 to take in the Manure Depot and the Pound Reserve covering a total area of over 30 acres (12.14 ha).</p><br>
<p>From the beginning the Townsville showground precinct was a venue where the community could meet, showcase its pastoral and agricultural produce; introduce new agricultural ideas and technology; and provide a much anticipated meeting place for the community to gather, meet relatives, and socialise. Prominent North Queensland pastoralists and agriculturalists used the venue to showcase their horses, promote their interest in breeding stock and encourage future growth in the region. In addition to stud stock, exhibitions reflected the major influence of wool, timber reserves, coffee, horticulture and minerals indicative of the pastoral, agricultural, and mining industries throughout the region. It also provided an outlet where the products of women&#39;s labour associated within the domestic environment were exhibited including displays of cookery, needlework, millinery, arts and taxonomy. In addition children were encouraged to enter events which displayed their prowess in the execution of schoolwork. Events attracted both professional and amateur participants and contributors travelled from west beyond Hughenden to take advantage of the opportunity to restock provisions, network and get together. Between Shows sporting groups took advantage of the broad even grounds with the Townsville Rugby Football Club playing regular games from July 1889.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, keeping with the principles to hold a premier regional event, the P & A Assoc. passed a motion to select country judges for the pastoral classes from around Queensland rather than select locally to ensure that the events retained a competitive edge. Successful competitors with prize exhibits from the Townsville Show were forwarded by the P & A Assoc. Committee for entry into the Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland Show (RNA) in Brisbane. The RNA encouraged the Townsville exhibits to be showcased at the Brisbane Exhibition, to attract interest and investment in the north. Some events such as horse competitions worked on an accumulated points system across various regional events and shows. Those with the highest points at the end of the Townsville Show were able to enter into the RNA competitions.</p><br>
<p>Freight concessions to assist the Show circuit came from a range of transport providers including the shipping company Howard Smith & Sons, and the Railway Department provided free livestock exhibit freightage for Show exhibits from and between local and regional show centres and for Show Champions sent to the RNA.</p><br>
<p>An increasingly strong attendance and event participation at the Townsville Show resulted in a shortage of exhibition space. Up until this point the exhibitions were held in the Drill Hall named the "Norman Hall", but this remained unsatisfactory as it was not always available and the alternative arrangement of using the School of Arts separated exhibition contributors from the showgrounds. In 1891 the Society committee borrowed bank finance for the erection of purpose-built exhibition buildings and pavilions. However, the upgrading of the showground coincided with a severe national economic downturn. This, combined with a devastating drought in North Queensland, impacted so greatly on the regional community that the Show was cancelled for the next two years due to lack of funds as well as exhibits.</p><br>
<p>In order to boost attendances following the recommencement of the Show in 1894, the Association made a request to the Railway Department to expand its benevolent contribution and run Show excursion trains from Hughenden to Townsville and Ravenswood to Townsville. It was noted:"District residents took the opportunity to visit the town on these festive occasions and in a very short time were prominent amongst the successful exhibitors. Continued staunch support from the surrounding districts has played a big part in the success of the Townsville Pastoral and Agricultural Society Association."As other pastoral and agricultural associations were established in emerging North Queensland towns in the late nineteenth century, the name of the Townsville-based association was changed to the Townsville Pastoral and Agricultural (TPA & I) Association. A circuit pattern of show days was developed in consultation with towns across North Queensland, culminating in the Townsville show held each year in July. Goodwill between local businesses and the TPA& I Association provided an excellent reciprocal arrangement with many businesses contributing substantial event prizes which encouraged good participant rates. In turn, businesses benefited economically from the free advertising in the months leading up to the Show. Co-operation between local businesses, event organisers and the TPA& I Association extended well beyond the gazetted Show day with the Townsville Showground precinct used regularly for sports and athletics as well as for trotting events.</p><br>
<p>Following the devastation of Cyclone Sigma in January 1896, a major thrust of expansion and upgrade to the showgrounds was proposed including the provision of 30 new iron cattle pens, enlargement of the ring (which also included plans for the addition of an outer show ring) and a 400-seat grandstand. While exhibition pavilions and dairy and livestock facilities had continually improved since the first show, the lack of a grandstand did not reflect the prestige of the Townsville Show. In particular, since a new grandstand was planned to be constructed at the Cluden Racecourse in late 1896, discussions had been underway to make provision for one at the Showground.</p><br>
<p>Tunbridge & Tunbridge, one of Townsvilles principal architectural firms and designer of the Cluden Racecourse grandstand, were requested to submit an estimate for the upgrade. The Tunbridge brothers (Walter Howard and Oliver Allan) had entered into partnership in Townsville in 1887, and soon developed a substantial North Queensland architectural practice with offices in Charters Towers and later Rockhampton. Tunbridge and Tunbridge designed many Townsville hotels, including the Metropole (1887), Victoria Park (1896), Lowths (1897), Victoria Bridge (1900), Empire (1901), Sovereign (1904) and Carriers Arms (1906). Over the course of 1897 discussions were held as to the best grandstand location for superior Show ring views. A totalizator was also planned to be incorporated into the structure to service the trotting events.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the grandstand were called in February 1901. The grandstand, 96 ft in length and 47 ft deep (approximately 29.2m x 14.3m) was to be erected on a mound 176 ft long and 40 ft deep. The gentle rise to the building was designed to have no steps with seats rising in tiers from the ground in front of the grandstand. In the centre was a stairwell leading down below the stand and giving access to the luncheon room below. A bar, kitchen, lavatories and rest room were accommodated in this sub-floor. Bricks were used to support the foundations and retaining wall of the building with timber and iron used for the superstructure. To make good use of the prevailing breeze it was proposed the building face east-west and incorporate louvres on the top tier to the roof. Incorporating a decorative balustrade, the structure was designed to accommodate up to 1000 persons.</p><br>
<p>With the addition of a new grandstand, the Townsville Showground was complete as a dedicated showground facility offering numerous exhibition halls, substantial cattle yards, horse and dairy buildings and poultry sheds with the show ring neatly encompassed by a white picket fence.</p><br>
<p>In early 1903 Cyclone Leonta crossed the coast causing widespread devastation to Townsville including the showground. Three months later in a show of public unity the community held a grand opening of the Show to welcome the officiating Vice Regal party including the Queensland Governor Sir Herbert Chermside and his wife Lady Chermside, and Queensland Premier Hon. Robert Philp. The official party and record crowd of over 3500 people were entertained by a display of horse events staged by station owners taking the prime opportunity to show their purpose bred remounts with a view of securing trade overseas.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 the Showgrounds grounds were again the central venue where the community could gather. To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Townsville a Jubilee carnival was promoted by the Townsville and District Development Association. Nearly all major celebrations and community events finished at the Townsville Showground, which provided a fitting venue for the community to enjoy the fireworks display after the opening torchlight procession from the centre of town. Over the next week the community and region enjoyed a number of sporting and novelty events, including bicycle races, athletics, children&#39;s sporting events and music contests bringing in competitors from Cairns, Mareeba and Charters Towers and attracting state of the art mechanical entertainment in the form of a steam-powered merry-go-round.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s the Townsville Municipal Council began a series of drainage works programme in the West End area. From 1913 onwards substantial stormwater drains were constructed to direct the flow of water from Castle Hill to counter the effects of tropical downpours. Consisting of large concrete and stone pitched storm water drains and with at least two drains traversed the Showgrounds and the scope of the drainage programme was not fully completed in the mid 1920s. These works enabled a review of the Showground facilities with low-lying areas of the grounds built up, boundary fences extended, new turnstiles installed and the popular poultry and bird fanciers pavilion extended.</p><br>
<p>In absence of a major exhibition facility, the adjacent military drill hall had long been used as the major exhibition hall. The special relationship between the Defence Force and TPA & I Association was reinforced though Memorial Day sports and demobilisation events in support of the returned local men who had fought during World War I. To acknowledge their efforts the Association Committee resolved to admit free of charge any soldiers in uniform, with no charge for machinery exhibits for returned soldiers engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1918, Alfred Barton Brady, Government Architect for Queensland, oversaw the design of the Defence force Drill Hall. The name of Andrew Irving - a successful architectural draftsman with the Queensland Public Works Department - appears on the drawings. The new Drill hall was constructed around 1919 within the former defence force reserve of four acres to be used "... for horticulture, preserves, arts and crafts, children&#39;s section, caged birds and district exhibits". An open parade ground was located between the show ring and the Drill Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 the show circuit in North Queensland encompassed Mackay, Proserpine, Bowen, Ayr, and Charters Towers, and as far west as Hughenden, with the Townsville show being the premier event in the circuit.</p><br>
<p>Sideshows were discouraged from the Townsville show prior to the 1920s, as it was felt that they attracted an undesirable class of people who might disrupt the "respectable" show proceedings. The fractious relationship between the sideshow men and the Queensland Chamber of Agriculture spilled over in the early 1920s with the sideshow men in Townsville staging a protest march, complete with a procession of ponies and posters, advocating a boycott of the TPA&I Show. When eventually admitted, the sideshow men were confined to a small area between the butcher shops and the poultry pavilion. One of the first sideshows to gain access to the Townsville show was the Sharman and Staig Boxing Troupe in 1924. Within 15 years the Showmen&#39;s Guild played an integral role in the Townsville Show.</p><br>
<p>By 1929 the showground improvements included a grandstand, exhibition hall, secretary&#39;s office, committee room, fat cattle yards, stud and dairy cattle stalls, dog shed, poultry pavilion and pavilions erected by various firms. The grounds were enclosed by an 8 ft high iron fence and the show ring by a picket fence, and "at intervals along the boundary, magnificent trees give a cool and picturesque appearance to the surrounds" (Brisbane newspaper article cited in Thuringowa Library Heritage Services Information Sheet Number 12).</p><br>
<p>During the severe economic depression of the early 1930s a flood of public support resulted in a range of planned fundraisers and benefits which ensured that the Show continued throughout the Depression. The Depression also gave rise to other community activities staged at the Showground, including a soup kitchen to cater for the large number of itinerant workers or for those just down on their luck, and as a camp ground for the 9th and 49th Battalions&#39; reunion held in conjunction with the 1933 Townsville Show week.</p><br>
<p>An increase of grounds use led to improved event facilities with additional seating offering trackside viewing provided via a series of eight-tiered stands. Constructed by local manufacturer Curley Bell during the late 1920s and early 1930s and later modified to incorporate safety rails, the viewing stands became affectionately known as the "Curley Bell&#39;s". The new stands provided better views of trotting events, which were reintroduced in 1939 with competitors and spectators from far and wide. By 1939, the Townsville Show was described in the popular Cummins & Campbells Monthly Magazine as the "Show Window of the North; but it is more than that." The precinct was regarded as a community facility, as evidenced from the expanding repertoire of events throughout the 1930s including a gymkhana, motor cycle racing, a rodeo and greyhound racing.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1930s concerns were raised at each TPA&I Association committee meeting about the Showground&#39;s ability to provide adequate exhibition space. The overcrowding of exhibits made it evident that a larger exhibition hall was necessary if the Townsville Show was to continue to attract ongoing competitors and exhibitors as well as businesses and suppliers of goods and services. Local architectural firm W & M Hunt were approached to design an exhibition hall on the brief that it could also fulfil the additional roles of dance hall and rentable picture theatre. However, the final design was based upon a commercial warehouse that belonged to Heatley and was being constructed at the time in Ogden Street. To accommodate the new hall the dairy pavilion was removed and reassembled closer to the stud cattle pavilion in the south-eastern end of the grounds, and was upgraded with new milking pens and additional iron fencing. New horse stalls were constructed along the Parkes Street fence line to make up for the shortage of stabling accommodation for visiting horses.</p><br>
<p>Messrs Hanson & Sons successfully tendered £6130 for the construction of the new Exhibition Hall in late November 1937. When completed in 1939 the hall provided ample floor space for exhibits and for dancing purposes, being one of the largest dance venues in North Queensland. Three large sliding doors along each side of the hall and another at each end offered ample ventilation. Lighting was achieved by three lantern lights running along the ridge of each of the two gable roofs. Access to the dance hall was through the main entrance fronting Flinders Street (Ingham Road). After World War II this hall became known as Heatley Hall, in memory of Talbot Leslie Heatley, one of the longest serving members and former president of the TPA&I Association.</p><br>
<p>During World War II in April 1942 the Australian Army seconded the showground for military purposes and the annual Show was suspended for three years. The advance parties of HQ 5 Division and 29 Infantry Brigade had arrived in Townsville and the Divisional HQ personnel were accommodated in the Showgrounds. Additional prefabricated warehouses were constructed at the showground in 1942-1943 (including the No.4 Bulk Store, later known as Keiry Hall).</p><br>
<p>Regular Saturday night dances were held in the Heatley Hall to provide entertainment for local citizens and troops alike. Many local couples met and courted here during the war. During the three raids on the city by Japanese flying boats operating out of Rabaul in late July 1942, West End residents took advantage of the large concrete and stone-pitched storm water drains (approximately 1.6 high and up to 2.5 metres wide in some areas) at the Showground as unofficial air raid shelters. When WWII was proclaimed officially over, the Victory Parade procession marched from the central business district and ended at the Townsville Showground where sideshow entertainment was provided for the crowd.</p><br>
<p>At the completion of the war the annual pattern of Show planning and activities recommenced and the northern circuit reformed. Local and regional show-goers travelled to attend the premier event and dressed up to enjoy a day "at the show". For many it was the annual opportunity to meet relatives, socialise with friends, and have a photograph taken in their best clothes. For some it was the only opportunity to have a photograph taken.</p><br>
<p>By 1951, through the incorporation of former Army buildings, the showground facilities had expanded to include three exhibition halls, a grandstand, extended agricultural and pastoral stalls for cattle and horses, dairy stalls and milking shed, as well as poultry and dog enclosures, a caretaker&#39;s office, association offices, a Pacific Ice cream booth, re-positioned entrance and side gates, as well as ticket offices and the Curly Bell stand. During this period the North Queensland pastoral industry renewed its breeding effort to produce a breed of cattle resilient to northern climatic conditions. As a result, the Townsville Show hosted the Brahman cattle breed for the first time in 1952 and the Santa Gertrudis in 1953. Both breeds were received by an enthusiastic crowd.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 the North Queensland regional Show circuit included: Rockhampton, Mackay, Proserpine, Home Hill, Charters Towers, Bowen, Ayr, Townsville, Ingham, Malanda, Atherton, Innisfail, Cairns, Mossman, Collinsville, Tully with a broader show circuit to Brisbane. Townsville Show competition categories were either "District" or "Local". District events embraced any area North of the 24th parallel (approximately Gladstone) and west to the Queensland border. Local entries were drawn from Townsville, Thuringowa, Ayr, Dalrymple, Charters Towers and Hinchinbrook. The Railway Department continued to provide free livestock exhibit freightage for Show exhibits from and between local and regional show centres and for Show champions to the RNA. Excursion tickets were available for outlying towns and this practice continued into the 1970s. Road freightage was subsidized under The State Transport Act 1960 for the movement of livestock, machinery and produce to and from the Show.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the new cattle yards incorporating water troughs and a cattle sale arena complete with auctioneers platform were made available to the North Queensland Livestock and Property Brokers Produce Association for cattle sales. The Townsville Show also encouraged regional charities and organisations such as the Queensland Bush Children&#39;s Fund, H.M. Prison Farm and Rural Youth Clubs to exhibit and raise money.</p><br>
<p>The impact of Cyclone Althea in 1972 provided the impetus for a major expansion and modification program to cater for changing Showground requirements. Every building sustained damage. Those that incorporated cyclone bracing survived relatively intact - such as the current Poultry Shed and Heatley Hall; others - such as the betting shed, caretakers cottage, pig pavilion and Keiry Hall - were severely damaged or collapsed such as the Drill Hall (known as the Garbutt Hall). The show ring track was extended to its current elliptical shape to better cater for racing interests such as harness racing and motor cycle and bicycle races, and an officials box was constructed to oversee the greyhound racing. The ring was enclosed by a new fence constructed of concrete block with cyclone mesh fencing. The fence, incorporated a decorative triangular pattern which was also used in the upgrade to one of the oldest Exhibition pavilions adjoining the Heatley Hall.</p><br>
<p>When the show ring was extended the main grandstand was dismantled and relocated to its current position. Without the advantage of the earth mound and front spectator seats, two new steel access stairs were added. A second grandstand was constructed to provide additional seating and exhibition /office space. The Showground continually changed from the mid 1970s with nearly all of the substantial shade trees along Ingham Road removed, and smaller buildings constructed. Around the back of the ring where the cattle yards had previously stood, a large liquor booth was constructed as well as a Cat and Cavy pavilion, a kitchen, additional ablution blocks, additional horse stalls, and various smaller buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Show remains popular with the local and regional community and continues to enjoy record attendances. In 2007 over 59,000 show attendees were registered over the three-day and four- night event while in 2008 this number expanded to approximately 63,300. The contemporary range of entertainment and cultural activities conducted at the Showground have expanded to cater to extreme sports events, public rock concerts and providing a venue for motor homes and motor bike clubs while maintaining a strong emphasis on attracting use by local community clubs and not-for-profit organisations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Townsville Showground is located on the southern side of Castle Hill and adjacent to Ingham Road approximately 5 km from the city centre: it is bounded by Ingham Road, Kings Road, Woolcock Street and Parkes Street with the main entrance accessed from Parkes Street off an access easement which runs alongside the railway line. Two purpose built sub surface stormwater drains traverse the grounds: one in a north-south direction and the other east-west.</p><br>
<p>Encompassing a total area of over 14.38 hectares, the Townsville showground comprises a collection of purpose-built buildings, yards, ticket booths, gates, turnstiles, additional seating and open space. These are eclectic and utilitarian in form with many examples of additions, re-location or building materials recycled within the precinct. Elements of particular significance include the stud cattle pavilions (s), central show ring arena (est.1882), Grandstand (1901), Heatley Hall (circa.1940), Poultry Exhibition pavilion, Exhibition pavilion, ticket boxes, main entrance and side entrance (c 1946), as well as mature Banyon trees within the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Principal elements of cultural heritage significance include the following structures.</p><br>
<h3>Tunbridge & Tunbridge Grandstand (1901)</h3><br>
<p>The roof is hipped with eaves overhang of corrugated steel sheeting on timber framing and timber trusses. The rear wall of the upper level retains the original timber louvres designed for ventilation. Two aisles provide access to the three banks of bench seating with the rear six rows including timber lumbar support. The grandstand has a timber floor in the grandstand seating area. Tall hardwood columns with mouldings and a decorative timber bressumer to the front and sides create nine separate bays. Most of the original decorative brackets are missing. Access to the Grandstand is achieved via two pairs of introduced steel stairs constructed in the 1970s when the building was relocated to its current location. Underneath the grandstand is exhibition/storage space with a concrete floor which is accessed from the sides and rear wall. An additional open shaded area has been added to the rear with a gabled roof.</p><br>
<h3>Interwar Toilets (c. 1920-1940)</h3><br>
<p>Located next to the Grandstand the toilets are timber framed with chamferboard external cladding and high level timber louvred ventilation. The roof is hipped with corrugated steel sheeting and unusual semi-circular steel ridge and hip flashing.</p><br>
<h3>Central Show Ring (est. 1882)</h3><br>
<p>The central ring consists of a grassed centred arena encircled by an elliptically-shaped track with the two long straights covering a distance of approximately 600 metres with a perimeter gravel track and inner track of sand loam. The inner fence is fabricated from welded piping with small steel sections and a top rail. This incorporates a mechanical "lure" facility used for greyhound racing. The outer fence is constructed of concrete block with a decorative triangular motif at regular intervals. The outer ring follows the fall of the land and is strengthened via concrete buttresses. Posts constructed of steel pipes are spaced at regular intervals and filled by a steel cyclone mesh infill with a metal handrail on top. The whole outer fence is painted white. Access to the ring is achieved though regular access points, some which are concrete ramps. The Show ring and arena provide a central focal point by which the Exhibition buildings, liquor stands, amenities are constructed around. The ring along with the grandstands, poultry shed, Heatley Hall and a former Army Hall are located on the northern end of the precinct, with the main showground entrance and office area located on the north eastern corner.</p><br>
<h3>Exhibition building/ Poultry and Bird Fancier Pavilion (c. 1920)</h3><br>
<p>The Poultry and Bird fancier pavilion is a long rectangular building measuring approximately 30 X 9 metres and running parallel to Heatley Hall and the Townsville Greyhound Racing Club. The building has a hipped corrugated steel roof incorporating King post trusses with 10 skylights at regular intervals. The interior floor has timber deck flooring supported on timber stumps. The building is clad with painted corrugated steel sheeting which is not full height and chicken wire infill provides ventilation. The place has two rows of purpose built poultry coops constructed in the mid 1940s that run full length of the building. Another two rows of coops are located along the perimeter interior walls. Three aisles, one central aisle and two side isles provide viewing access to the displays. Access to the building is gained through entrances on each end as well as through two side entrances on the western side. Each entrance has a decorative steel gate with cyclone mesh infill.</p><br>
<h3>Heatley Hall (1939)</h3><br>
<p>This is the largest Exhibition pavilion on the site approximately 58 X 20 metres and 5.5 metres high with twin gabled roofs, each with three hipped roof lantern lights at a length of approx. 5 metres which run along the two ridges. The lantern lights incorporate two fixed windows one at each end and six hopper windows which push out to provide additional ventilation. Timber buttresses provide additional strengthening to the high external walls which are clad in galvanised corrugated iron sheeting painted green. The corrugated iron cladding does not extend the full height of the wall instead infill to the rafters is provided via timber lattice panels which also provide additional ventilation. Horizontal timber slat panels conceal the underfloor area.</p><br>
<p>Access is achieved through three large sliding doors on each side with an additional door on the interior Showground end. The original decorative facade with parapet end, providing street access (Ingham Road) has been modified to a flat sheeted wall. Internally there is a central row of columns supporting timber trusses and a box gutter. Hardwood tongue and groove flooring is laid throughout and supported on timber framing on top of concrete piers.</p><br>
<h3>Kiery Hall/No 4 Bulk Store (c. 1942)</h3><br>
<p>Keiry Hall has a single low pitched roof of corrugated galvanised steel sheeting over hardwood purlins on open web steel girders spanning the building width. The building measures approximately 56 X 12 metres. The eastern wall of the hall is original comprising a row of concrete columns with walling of timber stud framing and painted corrugated galvanised sheet cladding infill. The rebuilt western, northern and southern walls (post Cyclone Althea) are constructed with steel columns, recycled timber purlins and painted corrugated galvanised sheet cladding. A lower height skillion roofed external addition has been built onto the western wall between pairs of roller doors. The addition is sheeted with painted corrugated galvanised steel to roof and walls.</p><br>
<p>Two pairs of large timber framed and vertically boarded roller doors are positioned in both eastern and western walls of the hall whilst a pair of smaller hinged doors is located off-centre in both the northern and southern end walls. The building is unlined with a paint finish generally remaining on most of the internal walls. The internal floor is of concrete pavers laid to a fall.</p><br>
<h3>Entrance gates and Ticket box and turnstiles (c. 1940s)</h3><br>
<p>Located on the corner of Ingham Road and Parkes Street, the main entrance gates are constructed of welded steel bars in decorative geometric design incorporating the Townsville Pastoral Association logo. A pair of identical constructed entrance gates are located at the Ingham Road "Besser" entrance.</p><br>
<p>The ticket booth has a hipped corrugated steel sheeted roof supported on a timbered framed building and clad with chamber board wall. Steel mesh secures the ticket box opening counter. Most of the turnstiles have been removed with only three remaining turnstiles located adjoining the ticket booth.</p><br>
<h3>Security building (c 1940s)</h3><br>
<p>The timber framed building clad with weatherboards has a gabled roof, sheeted with corrugated steel and supported on concrete piers topped with termite caps. Entrance to the building is achieved up three moulded concrete steps through a single wooden door located on the southern side of the building. Two pairs of casement windows are located on each side of the building.</p><br>
<h3>Police Building (c 1940s)</h3><br>
<p>This is a small rectangular building approximately 8x5 metres clad in small panels of fibre cement sheeting at the front and larger panels on the sides. The building is accessed via a single door located on the right hand side and a small fixed window with security grill on the left. The small front panels extend up to form a small parapet and the front incorporates a small awning over the window and door. The building has a skillion roof, clad with corrugated steel and the building is based on a concrete slab which extends out the front of the building to form a small patio. This has been extended at some point to run across the front of buildings 13 & 14.</p><br>
<h3>Landscape and grounds</h3><br>
<p>The showground precinct has a number of substantial shade trees including Banyan Trees (Ficus benghalensis) (c. 1900), Weeping Figs (Ficus benjamina), and Albizia (Albizia julibrissin) (c. 1970s). The trees are predominantly located at the livestock area at the south western side of the Showground with the exception of two. One is located at the entrance adjoining the caravan park and other behind the Keiry Hall exhibition hall.</p><br>
<h3>Curley Bells (1920s-1930s)</h3><br>
<p>These spectator stands named after their designer/builder are the original pre-fabricated seats constructed from welded piping and small steel sections. Seating is provided by 8 levels of hardwood board seats bolted to the framing and used as both steps and seats.</p><br>
<h3>Stone pitched and concrete stormwater drains (c 1910-mid 1920)</h3><br>
<p>Two identified systems of stormwater drains measuring approximately 1.6 high and up to 2.5 metres wide in some areas are located within the showgrounds. These drains are constructed of a variety of methods including predominately large stone pitched and mortar walls with a ceiling of concrete with imprint of timber large planked formwork for square ceiling and small narrow boards for the barrel vault ceiling. More recent sections are concrete block with steel planked formwork imprint. One drain begins at the base of Castle Hill and runs on a north-south axis to traverse a portion of the Show ring from behind the poultry pavilion and exiting into the large stormwater canal near the cattle yards. The second stormwater drain runs on an east-west axis from Kings Road near Keiry Hall and runs between the Stud Cattle pavilion and caretakers cottage to exit into the large stormwater canal from the bottom of Payne street.</p><br>
<h3>Stud Cattle Pavilion (c. 1890s)</h3><br>
<p>The Stud Cattle Pavilion (70 x 9 metres) consists of a long building (45.7 metres) and a shorter building (18.3 metres) separated by an open area (6 metres) with a small parade ground outside the northern entrance which is shaded by a mature Albizia (Albizia julibrissin ). Both buildings are of similar rural vernacular construction with inner and outer bush timber pole columns supporting a gable roof of corrugated galvanised steel sheeting on sawn hardwood rafters and beams and are painted white internally. The side walls are clad in painted corrugated galvanised steel on timber rails fixed to the outer bush timber poles with openings, for light and ventilation, covered in an open steel mesh spaced along their length. Bolted along the rails are various styles of forged iron and steel rings for tethering cattle. A skillion roofed storage area has been added to the southern side of the longer building.</p><br>
<p>The main public access to the longer building is via a central entry through the northern wall to a central aisle and through the eastern end. This end has a high opening of about 4 metres. The gable end is horizontally boarded with spaced vertical boards up to about 2.5 metres completing the end wall. The pavilion has two enclosed tack rooms in a central location on either side of the pedestrian corridor. These small rooms are sheeted in painted corrugated galvanised steel of one sheet length height. Extending above the corrugated iron and up to the rafters are timber slats. Both small rooms have double timber doors. One set of doors is painted with barnyard motifs in a naive style.</p><br>
<p>The open area between the buildings accommodates two wash down stalls, and a drinking trough. This open area provides the main access into the shorter building and minor access into the long building. The shorter building has an overhead deck constructed at approx 2 metre height on hardwood joists and pine flooring on both sides of a central way. The pavilion has two enclosed tack rooms at the eastern end of the pavilion on either side of the pedestrian corridor at the point of entry. A concrete floor runs through the full length of the Stud Cattle Pavilion.</p><br>
<h3>The Dairy Pavilion (c. 1939)</h3><br>
<p>A gable roofed building with skillion additions to both sides roofed with corrugated galvanised steel on simple bolted hardwood trusses to the gable and hardwood rafter construction to the skillions all supported on steel pipe columns. The gable end, southern sidewall and rear wall are clad in corrugated galvanised steel whilst the northern side of the building is open. The front wall has vertical hardwood slabs to either side of two central vehicle access openings and a central placed sign indicating the pavilion.</p><br>
<p>Internal dividing partitions are of vertical corrugated steel sheeting with livestock pens framed in steel piping to either side of the building. The smaller (poddy calf) pens are along the northern side. The building is unpainted and has a concrete floor.</p><br>
<p>On the right hand side of the dairy pavilion are a series of open air blue painted steel pipe livestock stalls which run the full length of dairy and long the northern side of the cattle yards and end at the cattle ramps located at the Cattle Sales Arena.</p><br>
<h3>Cattle yards (c. 1970)</h3><br>
<p>Extensive cattle yards are contained in 8 sections which include over 100 cattle stall partitions. Fence post are former rail track sections with a top plate and middle rails of steel piping, with welded infill of galvanised reinforcing mesh. Each stall is serviced by a water trough with water reticulated from a raised central water system with intermittent taps. Six aisles allow pedestrian inspection of the yards and each aisle has a concrete pavement with a square paved pattern and laid to a fall. Several shade trees are present in the cattle yard area. All trees are introduced species.</p><br>
<h3>Cattle Sales Arena (c.1970)</h3><br>
<p>Adjoining the cattle yards is a part open purpose designed stand for the auction of cattle and horses. The arena has U shaped plan of tiered seating around the sales pen and a raised auctioneers platform over the gate entry to the sales pen. The construction is steel pipe framing with an aluminium roof sheeting on hardwood rafters. The tiered seating is of hardwood boards fixed on angle iron supports in a slat style. Adjoining the sales arena are two loading ramps constructed of concrete and steel pipe rails. Two timber carved cattle heads adorn two posts to indicate the cattle area.</p><br>
<h3>Horse Stalls (c. 1970)</h3><br>
<p>Located on the left hand side of the dairy pavilion the horse stalls are constructed from former rail track sections used as fence posts with stalls created by steel pipe horizontals in-between the columns. The skillion roof has steel pipe rafters and is sheeted with corrugated steel roof sheeting. The horse stalls provide an ambulatory link between the former dairy pavilion and the Stud cattle pavilion. Ample shade is afforded to the horse stalls by least two Weeping Figs (Ficus benjamina).</p><br>
<h3>Caretakers House (c. 1920)</h3><br>
<p>Located near the Woolcock Street boundary fence, the house has a hipped roof, sheeted in corrugated short sheet steel with skillion awnings to the enclosed verandahs. The house is raised above ground level with access stairs from within the Showgrounds.</p><br>
<h3>Toilet & shower amenities (post 1950)</h3><br>
<p>Timber framed separate male and female toilet and shower facilities sheeted with painted corrugated galvanised steel to skillion roof and walls. Facilities are located at the south eastern end of the Show ring near the cattle sales arena.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Townsville Showground was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 October 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>In use as a showground since 1882, the Townsville Showground is integral to the important Queensland showground circuit that culminates in the annual Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland (RNA) Exhibition in Brisbane. It remains one of the longest-running showground facilities outside Brisbane and is one of North Queensland&#39;s premier showgrounds.</p><br>
<p>The place provided an important venue for showcasing and facilitating the expansion of pastoral, agriculture and industrial production and innovation in North Queensland during the late nineteenth century and much of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Showground, developed between the 1880s and the 1970s, is an intact regional showground facility which demonstrates the principal elements characteristic of its type. These include: exhibition halls, grandstands, the Curley Bell stands, show ring, poultry and livestock facilities, dairy sheds, stabling and marshalling areas, as well as gates and turnstiles.</p><br>
<p>The 1901 grandstand at the Townsville Showground is one of two major grandstands designed and constructed in the late nineteenth/early twentieth century by Tunbridge and Tunbridge, one of Townsville&#39;s principal architectural firms and designers. The other grandstand is located at Cluden Racecourse (1896). It is important in illustrating the quality of their design work.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Townsville Showground incorporates elements that are aesthetically significant including the Tunbridge & Tunbridge grandstand (1901), interwar amenities blocks, Heatley Hall (1939, the Stud Stock pavilions (c.1890s), entrance gates, ticket boxes, Curley Bell stands (1920-30s), poultry pavilion, show ring and mature Banyan trees.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong social significance for generations of Townsville and North Queensland families who have attended the annual pastoral and agricultural exhibitions since 1882. The 1901 grandstand and Heatley Hall have particular social significance as the place where families enjoy watching events and where couples court.</p><br>
<p>The place remains important as a venue for major regional community and entertainment events.</p><br>
<p>The place is important as one of the few venues where the products of womens and childrens labour associated with the domestic and educational environments has been exhibited regularly since the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Townsville Showground has a strong and special association with the important work of the Townsville Pastoral, Agricultural and Industrial Association in fostering the expansion of pastoral, agriculture and industrial production and innovation in North Queensland since 1882.</p><br>
<p>Ellsworth Ranch Bridge is a truss bridge located in rural Emmet County, Iowa, United States, 7 mi northwest of Armstrong. The Emmet County Board of Supervisors received a petition in January 1895 for a bridge across the East Fork of the Des Moines River in Lincoln Township. They gave their approval in April of the same year, and in May the board adopted the plans of the King Bridge Company of Cleveland, Ohio. However, they rejected all the bids as too high, so they reduced the length of the span from 100 ft to 80 ft. King won the contract for this and two other bridges for $3,400. The Ellsworth Ranch Bridge was completed later in 1895. The bridge includes elements of both the Pratt and Warren configurations in its single span. A minor reconstruction was completed in 1937, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Jackson County Courthouse, located at 1001 Walnut Street in Murphysboro, is the county courthouse serving Jackson County, Illinois. Built in 1927, the courthouse was the fourth built by the county and the third in Murphysboro. Architect Nelson Strong Spencer designed the courthouse in a mix of the Classical Revival and Beaux-Arts styles. The front entrance features a pediment and entablature supported by four columns, all designed according to the Doric order. A parapet and a terrace with balustrades along the sides, both among the building&#39;s prominent Beaux-Arts elements, line the roof. In addition to its government functions, the courthouse has hosted large community events and serves as the focal point of downtown Murphysboro.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Cocke-Martin-Jackson House is a historic mansion in Brandon, Mississippi, USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two-story mansion was built from 1840 to 1845 for Thomas Baytop Cocke, a farmer. It was purchased by Charles Lyman Martin in 1891. When their daughter Ella May married Eugene Edgar Jackson in 1894, they purchased more land and turned it into a 1,500-acre plantation. Several decades later, it was inherited by their son, Eugene Anselum Jackson, who restored it in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The property was purchased by Henry Allen in 1942, with only 10 acres left. By the late 1990s, it belonged to their son, Albert Allen.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural significance</h2><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since August 1, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Tchabal Nganha is a stratovolcano on the Ngaoundere Plateau, a highland area in the Adamawa Region of Cameroon.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Tchabal Nganha is a large composite volcano located within the Ngaoundere volcanic field in the east of the Adamawa Plateau.</p><br>
<p>It is the only stratovolcano in the field.</p><br>
<p>Nganha rises about 1,000 m above the surrounding plateau to a height of 1,927 m at Doïtaïa Mounts.</p><br>
<p>The Adamawa plateau is an asymmetrical horst bounded by N70°E faults and tilted to the south.</p><br>
<p>The plateau has a Precambrian metamorphic basement intruded by granite and syenite plutons from the Paleozoic.</p><br>
<p>It is partly covered by volcanic formations from the Cenozoic to Recent ages.</p><br>
<p>The crust is 33 km thick below the plateau.</p><br>
<p>Although considered by many geologists to be part of the Cameroon line, the silicic volcanism of the Ngaoundere plateau is younger (11 to 9 million years old) than silicic volcanism in the Western Highlands, with much more alkaline basalts than in the western part of the line.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Basalt and trachyte rock samples from Nganha have K–Ar ages of 7.2, 7.9 and 9.8 Ma (million years).</p><br>
<p>The volcano was formed in four overlapping phases.</p><br>
<p>First, many basaltic lava flows erupted throughout the region, creating the generally smooth relief.</p><br>
<p>Next, voluminous breccias were deposited. Most of these have been deeply eroded except where covered by later lava flows.</p><br>
<p>Thick, radially distributed trachyte and phonolite flows then erupted.</p><br>
<p>They have steep margins and are separated by deep and narrow valleys.</p><br>
<p>Later there was basaltic activity at the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center is a psychiatric hospital operated by the state of Maine. It is located at 656 State Street in Bangor, and was previously known as the Eastern Maine Insane Asylum and the Bangor Mental Health Institute. It was established in 1895, and the main building on its campus is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Services and coverage area</h2><br>
<p>The Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center provides inpatient and outpatient care to the states severest mentally ill in an area covering the eastern two-thirds of the state. It has 51 beds, and provides its services to both voluntary and involuntary (court-committed) patients. Its operations are governed by state legislation, and are overseen by the states Department of Health and Human Services.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Maines first psychiatric hospital was the Maine Insane Hospital, established in Augusta in 1835. That facility was repeatedly enlarged, until 1889, when it was determined to no longer be feasible to expand it further. The state appointed a committee to identify a location for a second facility, resulting in the selection of this location. The centerpiece of the campus is a sprawling, connected multi-building complex, at whose center is the hospitals first building, designed by the noted Portland architect John Calvin Stevens and completed in 1897. The wings, which were designed by Bangor architect George Coombs, were added in 1899-1901, when the facility formally opened its doors. The hospital continued to grow over the course of the 20th century, generally according to the principles of the Kirkbride Plan for the design and organization of mental hospitals. The main building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987; it is one of the state&#39;s largest public buildings.</p><br>
<p>When founded, it was known as the Eastern Maine Insane Hospital. Its name was changed in 1913 to Bangor State Hospital, and then to Bangor Mental Health Institute. In 2005 it was renamed the Dorothea Dix Psychiatric Center, in honor of Dorothea Dix, a pioneering 19th-century advocate for the improved treatment of the mentally ill.</p><br>
<h2>Campus</h2><br>
<p>The centers campus is located on Bangors east side, between State Street (United States Route 2) and Mount Hope Avenue, with Saxi Park on its west side. In addition to the sprawling main building, the campus includes the Tubercular Center, Hedin Hall, the Pre-Release center, a maintenance building, and Pooler Pavilion.</p><br>
<p>The Pettengill House and Farm are a historic conservation property in Freeport, Maine. Now owned by the Freeport Historical Society, this farm was in active use from at least 1831 until 1960. More than 140 acre of its original 180 acre have been preserved, as has the c. 1800 farmhouse. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and is part of the 1974 Harraseeket Historic District. The farm is located south of Flying Point Road in Freeport&#39;s Mast Landing area; its trails are open to the public daily from dawn to dusk.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Pettengill Farm occupies a significant portion of land at the head of the Harraseeket River, a tidal inlet that extends southwest to Casco Bay. The farm property is bounded on the south and west by the river, the north by Flying Point Road, and the east by Kelsey Brook, which empties into the river near the point where it opens into the wide channel. The farmstead is located on a terrace overlooking a bend in the narrow portion of the river, near the southern end of the property, and is about 1 mi walk down the access road from the public trailhead. The property, which is now no longer in agricultural use, has a combination of open fields and woods, with public trails now crossing them.</p><br>
<p>The farmhouse is a traditional New England saltbox. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with an integral leanto section sloping down to the rear. It has a central chimney, its exterior is finished in wooden clapboards, and it rests on a stone foundation. Its main facade faces south toward the river, and is four bays wide, with a single sash window to the left of the entrance, and two to the right. The main doorway has a four-light transom above. The house has never been modernized, and lacks plumbing, heating (beyond the central chimney), and electricity.</p><br>
<p>The house and farm make up an unusually well-preserved 19th century saltwater farm, a once common sight on the Maine coast. The house is unusual in Maine, where saltboxes, common elsewhere in New England, were alway relatively rare. The house, which dates to the late 18th or early 19th century, was once part of a larger group of agricultural outbuildings, none of which have survived. The farm was in active use until 1960, and the last of the Pettengills *(of that branch, although numerous Pettengill branches survive)*</p><br>
<p>died in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The W.H. Bradford Hook and Ladder Fire House is a historic fire station at 212 Stafford Street in Bennington, Vermont. Built in 1893-94, it served for over a century as a fire house for the city, and survived modernizations with much of its historic fabric intact. It has been converted into artist studios and living space. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bradford Hook and Ladder Fire House is located just northeast of downtown Bennington, at the southwest corner of Safford and Gage Streets. The area is mainly residential, with a public park across the street and a manufacturing plant one block to the west. The station is built of brick, and is two stories in height. It has two equipment bays on the ground floor, one of which has an overhead door, and the other has been enclosed by a three-bay wall, with pedestrian entrances in the right two bays, and fixed windows above paneling in the leftmost bay. All three of these bays have two-level transom windows above. On the second floor above each equipment bay are three round-arch windows, with smaller windows flanking a larger one. The interior has retained a number of original finishes, including a wooden ceiling on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The station was built in 1893-94, and originally housed the W.H. Bradford Hook Company on one side, and the F.M. Tiffany Hose Company on the other. The equipment it housed was drawn by horses, and the facility include a tower for drying hoses, which were subject to rot. The tower was demolished in 1912, replaced by a shed which was itself removed sometime after 1921. Also in the 1920s, the left-hand bay was converted to house the office of the fire chief. The station remained in active service until 1997. It has since been converted into studio and living space.</p><br>
<p>The W.H. Tedford House, also known as the Poston House, is an historical structure located in Corydon, Iowa, United States. The house was built in 1887 for W.H. Tedford, a local attorney who served as a justice of the district court from 1891 to 1901. The house was sold to Eugene E. Poston after Tedford&#39;s death in 1917, and it remained in that family well into the 20th century. The house is a typical example of late 19th century vernacular Italianate residential architecture found in Iowa. The house features a bracketed cornice and large window hoods. The elaborate woodwork detail of the porch is of particular note. It is capped with a low, crested hipped roof. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Branch Peoria Public Library is a Carnegie library located at 1312 West Lincoln Avenue in Peoria, Illinois. Built in 1910, the building served as the first dedicated library building on Peorias South Side. The South Side branch library opened in 1903 in a building called the Neighborhood House; however, it had outgrown its space in the building by 1909. The city petitioned the Carnegie Foundation for funding for a new library; the Foundation provided a $20,000 grant for the building, and the city passed a $2,000 annual tax to cover the librarys maintenance. Peoria architecture firm Hotchkiss & Harris supplied a Classical Revival design for the building, and construction began in 1910 and was completed the following year. The library became popular with neighborhood residents, setting city records for daily circulation; it also held special collections serving the city&#39;s Lebanese and German immigrant communities.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Hill School, also known as the Little Red School House, is a historic building located north of Lineville in rural Wayne County, Iowa, United States. It was built in 1881 on land that had been purchased for educational purposes in 1873, and it housed a one-room school until 1958. The Grand River Independent School District donated the school building to the Wayne County Historical Society. They maintain it as it was when it served as a schoolhouse. The interior furnishings are authentic, if not original to the building. The school yard is maintained as a roadside park along USA 65. The building follows a rectangular plan that is three bays long and two bays wide. It is capped with a gable roof. A small entryway is located on the south side of the structure. The school building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Calmont, also called the Calmond, between Bremm and Ediger-Eller in the county of Cochem-Zell in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, is a steep hill on the heights above the Moselle river to a height of. It lies within the Moselle wine region and is home to the vineyards of Bremmer Calmont and Ellerer Calmont which, with gradients of up to over 65º, are among the steepest vineyards in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Calmont may be derived either:</p><br>
<p>from the Latin calidus="warm" and mons="hill", i.e. "warm hill",</p><br>
<p>from the Celtic kal="hard", i.e. "rock hill"</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The Calmont rises between Bremm to the south-southwest and Ediger-Eller further downstream to the southeast, both of which lie on the left bank of the river. Its summit is on the municipal boundary; its southern hillside belongs to Bremm, its northern and eastern slopes to Ediger-Eller. TheEllerbach stream flows to the north and east around the ridge and empties into the Moselle southeast of the hill. To the southwest the countryside climbs up to the Schafstall.</p><br>
<h3>Natural region allocation</h3><br>
<p>The Calmont belongs within the natural region major unit group of Moselle Valley (Moseltal, no. 25), in the major unit of the Central Moselle Valley (Mittleres Moseltal, 250), in the sub-unit of Middle Moselle (Mittelmosel, 250.3) and the natural region of Cochemer Krampen (250.33). It terrain descends to the north into the Ellerbach valley, to the northwest and west and, ascending to the west-southwest to the Schafstall, into the natural region of Gevenicher Hochfläche (270.02), which is part of major unit group of the East Eifel (27), major unit of the Moselle Eifel (270) and sub-unit of the Eastern Moselle Eifel (Östliche Moseleifel, 270.0).</p><br>
<h3>Height</h3><br>
<p>The -high Calmont summit lies 293.1 metres above the Moselle, on which the lowest contour line on topographic maps is. It is also an average of about 270 metres above Bremm. Around 215 metres east-northeast of the summit is a spot height of.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Calmont lie within the protected area of Moselle Region from Schweich to Koblenz (Moselgebiet von Schweich bis Koblenz, CDDA No. 323051; established in 1979; 1187.48 km²), in the Special Area of Conservation of Hillsides and Side Valleys of the Lower Moselle (Moselhänge und Nebentäler der unteren Mosel, FFH No. 5809-301; 162.73 km²) and in the bird reserve of Woods between Wittlich and Cochem (Wälder zwischen Wittlich und Cochem, VSG No. 5908-401; 235.52 km²). Neither the SAC nor the bird reserve quite reach the banks of the Moselle river.</p><br>
<h2>Gallo-Roman Ambulatory Temple</h2><br>
<p>On the summit of the Calmont there was a Roman hill shrine from the 2nd to around the 4th century AD. In 2005 the first archaeological excavations took place; they continued in 2008. In connexion with the excavations this Gallo-Roman ambulatory temple was reconstructed and opened on 16 May 2009</p><br>
<h2>Viniculture</h2><br>
<p>In the late 20th century only part of the original vineyards were still being cultivated. The largest contiguous area is the Bremmer Calmont with 33 ha. On its steep slate hillsides grows a particularly good Riesling, however the vintners still have to use manual labour and muscle power (→ steep vineyards). After winegrowing had declined for decades on the Calmont massif for economic reasons, since 2005 several vintners have been ready to restock their vineyards. They hope that the greater profile of the location will enable them to market their products better. A wine estate has meanwhile offered to rent vine stocks.</p><br>
<h2>Monument and viewing plateau</h2><br>
<p>665 metres (as the crown flies) west-southwest of the summit of the Calmont, near a spot height, is the Monument to the Wartime Generation (Mahnmal der Kriegsgeneration), a 12-metre-high summit cross that was erected around 1970 and is visible from a long way off. Next to the hut there, which is opened from Easter to October as a Straußwirtschaft, is an "observation plateau" from where there are good views, especially of the great loop in the Moselle, 285 m below, along with the nearby ruins of Stuben Abbey with, downstream, the villages of Neef, Bremm and Ediger-Eller.</p><br>
<h2>Transport and Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Along the southern foot of the Calmont, running from west to east between the Moselle villages of Bremm and Ediger-Eller is the B 49 federal highway. East to southeast of the ridge is the 4,205-metre-long Kaiser Wilhelm Tunnel which runs from north-northeast to south-southwest and carries the Moselle railway from Cochem to the station of Ediger-Eller and then over a 281-metre-long bridge over the Moselle.</p><br>
<p>On the Calmont runs the Calmont Klettersteig, which was laid out by the German Alpine Club and opened on 4 May 2002 and on which can discover more about the hills and their flora and fauna.</p><br>
<h2>Paragliding</h2><br>
<p>Near the Monument to the Wartime Generation is a launch area for paragliders who can fly over the Moselle valley in suitable wind conditions. The Calmont massif is like a huge concave mirror in the Moselle valley and, with its southerly orientation and slate bedrock, offers ideal conditions for the creation of thermal upcurrents.</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. 12 is a Warren pony truss bridge in Hay Creek Township, Minnesota. The bridge is 63 ft long and 16 ft wide and carries Township Road 43 over Bullard Creek. It is built of angle sections riveted together, as recommended in the engineering textbook The Design of Highway Bridges published in 1908. During this time, the state government was attempting to standardize design and construction of bridges by financial incentives, rather than proposing legislation.</p><br>
<p>The county commissioners of Goodhue County decided in late 1907 to build a bridge over Bullard Creek, but they were dissatisfied with the first round of bids. In the spring of 1908, Louis P. Wolff proposed a bridge that would comply with Minnesota Highway Commission rules and regulations. By building a bridge that complied with the rules, the state would subsidize the cost of the bridge through road and bridge appropriations. The county commissioners approved of these ideas and paid Wolff $100 for the plans and blueprints. William P. Glardon from Red Wing, Minnesota was the contractor, and the Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Company fabricated the steel.</p><br>
<p>The bridge is listed on the Iron and Steel Bridges in Minnesota Multiple Property Submission.</p><br>
<p>The Kickapoo Building is a historic commercial building located at 726 West Main Street in Peoria, Illinois. Built in 1911, the building was originally used as a tied house for the Anheuser-Busch Brewery, which sought to expand its presence in Peoria&#39;s large brewing industry. The two-story building has a flatiron shape, a design which took advantage of its triangular lot. Architect Albert Keifer gave the building a Classical Revival design with German Renaissance Revival features.</p><br>
<p>Flatiron buildings were once commonly built in Peoria as a necessity of the citys geography; while downtown Peoria was built on a grid aligned with the Illinois River, its subsequent additions were usually aligned with the cardinal directions, and extensions of streets from the additions into downtown led to the creation of many triangular lots. The Kickapoo Buildings lot was created by three of these streets, Main Street and Glendale Avenue from the original downtown and Knoxville from the boundaries of several later additions; while it was not the first building on its triangular lot, it was the first one to take full advantage of the space. Modern commercial development and freeway construction eliminated many of Peoria&#39;s diagonal streets downtown, including Knoxville Avenue itself, and took many of its flatiron buildings with it; the Kickapoo Building stands out among the survivors for its decorative commercial storefronts on all three sides.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 31, 2013.</p><br>
